Early biomarkers of inflammation in dogs and cats: The
acute phase protein. Veterinary Research Communications, v.31, n.1, p.125-129, 2007a.
[sup][1] An increasing number of inflammatory markers and
acute phase proteins have been tested in CAD, and their plasma levels have been confirmed to be correlated with different clinical characteristics and the prognosis of these patients.
Nevertheless, elevation of both
acute phase proteins was a poor prognostic sign and the results emphasize the importance of monitoring levels of these proteins on admission, during management and before discharge.
This phenomenon is known as the 'acute phase response'; one of its features is the production in the liver of '
acute phase proteins (APP)'.
Vilcek, "TSG-14, a tumor necrosis factor-and IL-1-inducible protein, is a novel member of the pentaxin family of
acute phase proteins," The Journal of Immunology, vol.
Caption: Figure 3: Prohepcidin and
acute phase protein levels during anti-TNF therapy in CD patients.
The
acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) as a marker of inflammation in horses.
It can confirm an increase in IL-6 concentration corresponding with a little elevation of AGP concentration as
acute phase protein. A 2-fold increase in the concentration of determined
acute phase proteins (AAT and AGP) in the blood of AP patients was also demonstrated.
In particular, a decrease in the prealbumin fraction may be an important early indicator; however, further investigations are necessary to identify the appropriate standardized methods to distinctively identify the electrophoretographic fractions and elucidate the significance of this potential negative
acute phase protein in the diagnosis of aspergillosis in birds.
Haptoglobin (Hp), a hemoglobin binding protein, is a representative
acute phase protein (APP) in cattle, which is stimulated by inflammatory mediators and produced by liver.
The novel
acute phase protein, IHRP, inhibits actin polymerization and phagocytosis of polymorphonuclear cells.
Serum Amyloid A is recognized as the most
acute phase protein in horses and may increase by 10 to 100 times in inflammation, reaching values above 20,000ng [mL.sup.-1] (HINCHCLIFF et al., 2004; HOBO et al., 2007).