Serum antitropomyosin antibodies in patients with
valvular heart disease were significantly higher than those of normal controls [12].
The aim of this study was to determine the histopathological changes of leaflets compatible with canine chronic
valvular heart disease (VHD) in asymptomatic dogs.
The most common symptom of
valvular disease is shortness of breath after a brief walk or similar activity.
In the United States, pergolide carries a Food and Drug Administration warning of possible cardiac valvulopathy and fibrotic complications that discourages its use in patients with a history of
valvular heart disease and recommends a baseline cardiovascular evaluation and periodic echocardiograms.
Biobank (502,602 men and women aged 40 to 96 years at baseline between 2006 and 2010) using Mendelian randomization to examine the association between systolic blood pressure and major
valvular heart disease.
The 2017 European Society of Cardiology and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery guideline for the management of
valvular heart disease does not indicate the combination therapy of warfarin with aspirin as a contraindication, although it reported that the addition of lower dose antiplatelet agents (e.g., aspirin 75-100 mg/day) might be reserved for specific indications.
This fever resulted in the increasingly uncommon condition, Rheumatic
Valvular Mitral Stenosis, which causes the valves to narrow and does not allow the blood to flow freely from the lungs to the body, making one tired and short of breath, among other issues.
Based on the findings of a heart murmur, she was referred to the cardiology department with a primary suspicion of congenital
valvular heart disease.
However, all four cardiac valves and the endocardial surfaces can be involved4.Valvular abnormalities are often clinically silent, without significant
valvular dysfunction.
Although mitral
valvular disease has a higher prevalence, transcatheter valve replacement was applied in aortic
valvular more extensively due to the relatively simple anatomic feature.
Valvular heart disease is a growing problem particularly in developing countries like Pakistan but interestingly with a different spectrum of
valvular disease than west, as we all know that most of
valvular lesions are degenerative in western population while in developing countries the commonest etiology for
valvular lesions is rheumatic
valvular disease2.
Atrial fibrillation is caused by various cardiac conditions like hypertension, coronary artery disease,
valvular heart disease, congestive heart failure, cardiomyopathy, congenital heart disease, cardiac surgery and non-cardiac conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute pulmonary embolism, obstructive sleep apnoea and hyperthyroidism.