For instance CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and to a lesser extent CYP1B1 [58,59] can catalyse the oxidation of
retinaldehyde to ATRA while CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 as well as CYP1B1, CYP3A4, CYP3A5 and CYP2D6 catalyse the first steps of ATRA synthesis, from retinol to
retinaldehyde [58].
Retinaldehyde represses adipogenesis and diet-induced obesity.
Retinaldehyde, as a 0.05% cream, has been shown to produce significant clinical improvement in the fine and deep wrinkles produced by photoageing, and seems to be somewhat less of an irritant than ATRA [3].
For example, aldehyde oxidase (probably identical to
retinaldehyde oxidase) irreversibly converts
retinaldehyde to retinoic acid, which mediates hematopoiesis and progenitor cell differentiation through its effects on Hox gene expression during embryogenesis (Look 1997; Tocci et al.
Based on the early research finding that retinol was oxidized to
retinaldehyde by the enzyme similar to ADH1 [6],
retinaldehyde was oxidized to retinoic acid by aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) [13].
The product contains
Retinaldehyde, the strongest cosmeceutical form of Vitamin A available without a prescription, the brand says, as well as ceramide 3 and plant stem cells.
In addition to these hallmarks of tolerogenic DCs, the secretion of IL-2 and a variety of enzymes such as
retinaldehyde dehydrogenase-2 and indolamine 2,3 dioxygenase are involved in the suppression of Th1-mediated autoimmunity in addition to the induction of Treg cells [46-48].
It contains
Retinaldehyde which helps lessen the appearance of small blood vessels, organic butchers broom and citrus to prevent broken capillaries, Dextran Sulphate to reduce water retention and Avene thermal spring water to cool.
Retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (Raldh) exhibited 8.7 fold increase in its expression during differentiation.
To interact with retinoid receptors, retinol must first be metabolized to more active forms, such as
retinaldehyde and retinoic acid using several enzymatic steps.
A very low level, 0.05%, of retinol provides efficacy by its conversion to intermediate
retinaldehyde to retinoic acid that actually is the endogenous active form.
This family of cosmeceuticals includes retinoic acid, retinol,
retinaldehyde and vitamin A esters.