amino

[ah-me´no, am´ĭ-no]

the monovalent radical NH₂, when not united with an acid radical.

amino acid any of a class of organic compounds containing the amino (NH₂) and the carboxyl (COOH) groups, occurring naturally in plant and animal tissues and forming the chief constituents of protein. Twenty amino acids are necessary for protein synthesis. Eleven (the nonessential amino acids) can be synthesized by the human body and thus are not specifically required in the diet: alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, and tyrosine. Nine (the essential amino acids) cannot be synthesized by humans and thus are required in the diet: histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine.

Structural formulas for some representative amino acids. From Applegate, 2000.

Protein foods that provide the essential amino acids are known as complete proteins; these include proteins from animal sources, such as meat, eggs, fish, and milk. Proteins that cannot supply the body with all the essential amino acids are known as incomplete proteins; these are the vegetable proteins most abundantly found in legumes (peas and beans), as well as certain grains. Because different incomplete proteins lack different amino acids, specific combinations can provide all of the essential amino acids.

In certain inherited or acquired disorders of metabolism, specific amino acids accumulate in the blood (aminoacidemia) or are excreted in excess in the urine (aminoaciduria). Urinary amino acid levels are increased in liver disease, muscular dystrophies, phenylketonuria (PKU), lead poisoning, and folic acid deficiency.

a·mi·no ac·id (AA, aa),

(ă-mē'nō as'id),

An organic acid in which one of the hydrogen atoms on a carbon atom has been replaced by NH₂. Usually refers to an aminocarboxylic acid. However, taurine is also an amino acid.
See also: α-amino acid.

Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary © Farlex 2012

amino acid

Any of various compounds containing an amino group (NH₂), a carboxylic acid group (COOH), and a distinctive side chain, especially any of the 20 amino acids that link together to form proteins. Some amino acids (called nonessential) can be synthesized in the human body, while others (called essential) must be obtained through the diet.

ami·no ac·id

(AA, aa) (ă-mē'nō as'id)

Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing © Farlex 2012

Fig. 28 Amino acid . Structure of a generalized amino acid.

Fig. 27 Amino acid . The 20 amino acids commonly found in protein, with the three-letter and, in brackets, one-letter abbreviation for each.

amino acid

a building block of protein, containing a carboxyl group (COOH) and an amino group (NH2), both attached to the same carbon atom. Over 80 amino acids are known to occur naturally, with 20 found commonly in proteins (see Fig. 27 ), each with a different side chain, called an ‘R’ group (see Fig. 28 ). Each of these common amino acids is described under its own heading.

Many amino acids can be synthesized in the body from other amino acids by a process called TRANSAMINATION, although most organisms have a number of ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS that must be taken in with the diet. Each amino acid is coded by at least one triplet of DNA bases (see GENETIC CODE), and the string of amino acids making up a protein is joined by PEPTIDE BONDS to form a POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN. The sequence of amino acids is the PRIMARY STRUCTURE. Amino acids are soluble in water but vary considerably in their solubility. When in solution they are ionized (see ZWITTERION) and generally are electrically neutral with a pH known as the ISOELECTRIC POINT. They are amphoteric, i.e. acting as acids or bases if the pH is shifted.

Collins Dictionary of Biology, 3rd ed. © W. G. Hale, V. A. Saunders, J. P. Margham 2005

Amino acid

Amino acids are small molecules that are used as building blocks for all proteins. Some amino acids are also used in the body for the manufacture of hormones. There are about 20 nutritionally important amino acids, including glutamic acid, glycine, methionine, lysine, tryptophan, serine, and glycine.

Mentioned in: Amino Acid Disorders Screening, Cystinuria, Homocysteine, Phenylketonuria, Sickle Cell Disease, Stress Reduction, Vitamin B 6 Deficiency

ami·no ac·id

(aa) (ă-mē'nō as'id)

Medical Dictionary for the Dental Professions © Farlex 2012

Patient discussion about Amino acid

Q. what are Amino Acids and what are their for? how do i need to do to keep it "going "?

A. Amino acids are the basic structural building units of proteins. They form short polymer chains called peptides or longer chains called either polypeptides or proteins. The process of such formation from an mRNA template is known as translation, which is part of protein biosynthesis. Twenty amino acids are encoded by the standard genetic code and are called proteinogenic or standard amino acids. Other amino acids contained in proteins are usually formed by post-translational modification, which is modification after translation in protein synthesis. These modifications are often essential for the function or regulation of a protein; for example, the carboxylation of glutamate allows for better binding of calcium cations, and the hydroxylation of proline is critical for maintaining connective tissues and responding to oxygen starvation. For full article: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid Hope this helps.

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References in periodicals archive

An overview of the micrpobial production of amino acids. In: Biotechnology of amino acid production (eds.

Optimization of Fermentation Media for Enhanced Amino Acids Production by Bacteria Isolated from Natural Sources

Comparability of the amino acid composition of aril and seed of Blighia sapida fruit

However, the team thinks its unlikely amino acids could have survived the conditions that created the meteorite, which endured higher temperatures more than 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit (over 1,100 Celsius) over a much longer period.

Life's building blocks discovered on surprising meteorite

In the 1980s, Schultz and others started brewing proteins and inserting artificially created amino acids by hand.

Unnatural selection: chemists build proteins with parts not in the typical toolkit

Leucine, isoleucine and valine, known as branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), account for a fraction of the 20 amino acids from which proteins are made, but appear to have anti-ageing properties.

Scientists claim: We've discovered 'elixir of life'

A molecular model of human branched-chain amino acid metabolism.

Microbial Production of L-Isoleucine from Different Substrates using Locally Isolated Bacteria

Splanchnic and peripheral glucose and amino acid metabolism in diabetes mellitus.

Amino acids, blood sugar balance and muscle protein maintenance

Conclusion: Our finding provide information about the possible role of free amino acids in pathogenicity of dermatophytes.

Relationship of amino acid concentrations in blood with occurrence of dermatophytosis

Regression analysis showed high correlation (r = 0.9710) between whole body essential amino acid profiles of colliroja and Nile tilapia (Fig.

Estimation of the dietary essential amino acid requirements of colliroja Astyanax fasciatus by using the ideal protein concept/Estimacion de los requerimientos dieteticos de aminoacidos esenciales de colliroja, Astyanax fasciatus, basadas en el concepto de proteina ideal corporal

A number of methods have been applied for the determination of amino acids in soil samples.

Determination of Amino Acids in Industrial Effluents Contaminated Soil

That means some of the amino acids are not linked with some other amino acids.

Analysis of unweighted amino acids network