In turn, findings also show no relation between IFRS and the level of discretionary accruals (Joia & Nakao, 2014) and an increase in smoothing practices after the IFRS adoption (Klann & Beuren, 2015).
income smoothing, being also another time-series property, inverse to volatility.
The smoothing technique incorporated along with EKF provides a better estimate than filtering.
Figure 2 shows the actual motor speed and Kalman Filter and smoothing filter estimated speed and their zoomed response.
Exponential smoothing methods involve updating the estimates by taking account of the last change and spikes in the time series data.
[alpha]: Smoothing coefficient, (0<[alpha]<1)
Section 2 briefly reviews the literature related to tax
smoothing hypothesis.
Operational definitions of income
smoothing and earnings quality: