M-CSF was the first of the
hematopoietic growth factors to be isolated [21].
Inhibitors of cytokine actions have utility in the use of the anti-IL-2 receptor for reducing graft rejection in transplant patients, in the use of
hematopoietic growth factors to reverse acute events that arise from chemotherapy or radiation therapy of certain cancer types or in the treatment of certain immunodeficiency disorders.
(32,70-74) On the other hand, p38 MAPKs may also play critical roles in the production of
hematopoietic growth factors. For example, studies have shown that disruption of p38[alpha] leads to decreasing erythropoietin gene expression in mice.
* Hematologic toxicities may occur with capecitabine and can be managed with dose modification or
hematopoietic growth factors.
Nausea, vomiting, and neutropenia used to be the most serious adverse effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy, but new antiemetic agents and
hematopoietic growth factors have reduced the magnitude of these problems, Dr.