There are various causes for the congenital absence of a tooth, notably the absence of an epithelial signal to the
ectomesenchyme,15 the failure of a tooth bud to reach a critical size16,17 or more proximately to receive the signaling to continue development.18 Each of these key steps is under genetic control.
The ectoderm, in becoming
ectomesenchyme and later neural crest cells, plays a critical role in the development of head and neck structures as well as the aortic root, arch, pulmonary artery trunk, and proximal components of the arch vessels.
Neural crest-derived dental pulp stem cells function as
ectomesenchyme to support salivary gland tissue formation.
'Tooth development is complex phenomenon between epithelium and
ectomesenchyme, which is being governed by the set of these complex genes.