Oesophageal obstructions in bovine commonly occur at pharynx, cranial aspect of cervical oesophagus, thoracic inlet or
base of heart (Misk et al., 2004).
They further reported of reduction of 26% [+ or -] 3% in mitral valve orifice area during systole due to contraction of
base of heart and displacement of aortic-mitral curtain toward center of mitral orifice.
Esophageal obstructions in bovine commonly occur at pharynx, cranial aspect of cervical esophagus, thoracic inlet or
base of heart (Yadav et al., 2008; Madhava et al., 2009).
In TRUNCUS ARTERIOSUS, a single artery with a single semilunar valve leaves the
base of heart and gives rise to pulmonary, Systemic and Coronary circulation.
Oesophageal foreign bodies are most commonly lodged at the thoracic inlet,
base of heart and caudal oesophagus, where extraoesophageal stricture restrict oesophageal dilatation.