Apogamy is a very common phenomenon in the ferns (Dyer et al.
Thus, apogamy could be one of these prominent adaptive elements: it has been proved to be inherited and to give apogamous derivatives a wider range in nature (Morzenti 1969, Liu et al.
Sometimes, apogamy with formation of gametangia has been documented (Migliaro & Gabriel y Galan 2012), and has been said to be facultative/induced, i.e., the plant could either experience sexual contacts or, due to some external facts, produce apogamous sporophytes; however, some apogamous ferns are known to produce no gametangia at all, or gametangia failed to produce viable, normal gametes, so the apogamy is obligated (Raghavan 1989).