The data obtained from the metabolomics analyses of livers from dairy cows exposed to HS were highly consistent with potential biomarkers (e.g., glucose, lactate, pyruvate,
acetoacetate, BHBA, fumaric acid, citric acid, choline, glycine, proline, isoleucine, leucine, urea, creatinine, and orotic acid) identified in analyses of candidate biomarkers in plasma or milk in heat-stressed lactating dairy cows.
According to another theory,
acetoacetate directly inhibits vascular glutamate transporter's activity in hippocampal synaptic vesicles that are responsible for synaptic transport of this important neurotransmitter.
The
acetoacetate functional resin, 510--400, has the highest functionality and the lowest equivalent weight that should increase crosslink density, increase hardness, and reduce paint viscosity.
Alkylation of methyl
acetoacetate (3) with 6 in the presence of potassium carbonate in acetone and DMF27) afforded 7, whose alkaline hydrolysis and decarboxylation gave unsaturated ketone 8 as an (E,Z)-mixture.
The metabolites specific to [alpha]-HBCD differentiation by treatment and dose groups from the controls (not observed after exposure to CM-HBCD) included increases in the endogenous metabolites
acetoacetate, leucine, and tyrosine and decreases in glutamate, lactate, pyruvate, and serine (Figure 5).
This could be explained by the conversion of beta hydroxybutyrate back to
acetoacetate, as a predominance of [NAD.sup.+] drove the reaction in the opposite direction during treatment.
When heating was completed, ethyl
acetoacetate (0.3 ml) and urea (0.09 g, 1.5 mmol) were added and mixture was again refluxed.
When the generation of Acetyl-CoA exceeds the capacity of oxaloacetate, the Acetyl-CoA is then diverted to the synthesis of ketone bodies, Figure IB, which include [beta]-hydroxybutyrate,
acetoacetate, and acetone.
Oxidative stress is not related to the mode of action of herbicides that inhibit
acetoacetate synthase.