yessotoxin

yessotoxin

(yes″ō-tok′sĭn),

YTX

A poisonous disulfated polyether produced by marine algae. It causes heart and liver damage in people who ingest shellfish that have fed on the algae.
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Short-term oral toxicity of homoyessotoxins, yessotoxin and okadaic acid in mice.
Accumulation and depuration of yessotoxin in two bivalves
Yessotoxin binds to voltage-gated calcium/sodium channels, also resulting in increased cytosolic [Ca.sup.2+] (de la Rosa et al.
Effects of the toxic dinoflagellate Heterocapsa circularisquama on larvae of the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii (Dunker, 1873)
Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) such as okadaic acid and dinophysistoxin-1, and other lipophilic toxins such as pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2) and yessotoxin were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).
Seasonal variability of lipophilic shellfish toxins in bivalves and waters, and abundance of dinophysis spp. in Jinhae Bay, Korea
Five groups of marine biotoxins are regulated within the European Union, i.e., okadaic acid group (OA), also known as the diarrheic shellfish poisons (DSPs), which includes the dinophysistoxin analogues (DTXs); azaspiracid group (AZAs), which can also cause diarrhoea; yessotoxin group (YTXs); domoic acid group (DA), also known as amnesic shellfish poisons (ASPs); and saxitoxin group (STXs), also known as paralytic shellfish poisons (PSPs) (EFSA, 2009).
Detection and Profiling of Diarrheic Marine Biotoxins in Shellfish by mRNA Analysis of Exposed Caco-2 Cells Using qRT-PCR and Multiplex Magnetic Bead-Based Assays
Protoceratium reticulatum has been confirmed as a yessotoxin (YTX) producer (Pizarro et al., 2012a), however for Lingulodinium polyedrum and Gonyaulax spinifera, both species producers of YTX in other parts of the world (e.g., Paz et al., 2004; Rhodes et al., 2006), and observed in Aysen waters, the information of their toxin profiles remains unknown for southern Chile.
Winter distribution of toxic, potentially toxic phytoplankton, and shellfish toxins in fjords and channels of the Aysen region, Chile
Evaluation of California isolates of Lingulodinium polyedrum for the production of yessotoxin. African Journal of Marine Science, 28(5), 399-401.
The inhibitory effect of a non-yessotoxin-producing dinoflagellate, Lingulodinium polyedrum (Stein) Dodge, towards Vibrio vulnificus and Staphylococcus aureus
Comparison of oral and intraperitoneal toxicity of yessotoxin towards mice.
Dinophysis species associated with diarrhetic shellfish poisoning episodes in North Patagonian gulfs (Chubut, Argentina)
Toxins can be lipophilic such as the okadaic acid (OA) group, the azaspiracid (AZA) group, the yessotoxin (YTX) group, and the pectenotoxin (PTX) group, which are usually extracted from biological samples with 100% or 80% methanol [7, 49, 56], or can be polar such as domoic acid (DA), usually extracted with water and methanol in various proportions [50, 57, 58].
Harmful algae records in Venice lagoon and in Po River Delta (Northern Adriatic Sea, Italy)
Coslovich et al., "In vitro effects of yessotoxin on a primary culture of rat cardiomyocytes," Toxicological Sciences, vol.
A cocktail method for promoting cardiomyocyte differentiation from bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells
International collaborations with IMB to investigate human toxicity incidents include groups in Australia (new pectenotoxins), Ireland (azaspiracids, DSP), Japan (DSP, pectenotoxins), Portugal (ASP, DSP, pectenotoxins), Spain (DSP, PSP), Taiwan (DSP, PSP, microcystins), UK (ASP), USA (ASP), and New Zealand (gymnodimine, yessotoxin, brevetoxins, DSP).
Crimson Tides
Other lipophilic toxins measured in shellfish were yessotoxin, pectenotoxin-2 (PTX- 2), and azaspiracid-2; the last two toxins observed in Russian water for the first time.
Diarrhetic shellfish toxins in Primorsky Krai, Russia
ABSTRACT The presence of the lipophilic toxins okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1, pectenotoxin-2, and yessotoxin (YTX) in the abalone Haliotis discus hannai collected between March 2009 and May 2010 was analyzed via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and the mouse bioassay.
First report of contamination of the abalone Haliotis discus hannai by okadaic acid and yessotoxin

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