Studies concerning the American market indicate differences in smoothing levels, related to company economic sector, when considered in conjunction with company size, as in Albrecht and Richardson (1990); larger companies tend to smooth their results more, according to Michelson, Jordan-Wagner, and Wootton (1995, 2000).
Torres, Bruni, Castro, and Martinez (2010) present evidence of the mitigation of smoothing by the presence of better corporate governance, indicating that firms with more concentrated capital can practice smoothing in order to meet the interests of majority and controlling shareholders, altering minority shareholders' perceptions of risk.
After Barro's (1979) seminal paper, the tax smoothing hypothesis was further generalized by Lucas and Stokey (1983, pp.
There are a large number of empirical studies that examine the tax smoothing hypothesis.
Income
smoothing has been defined as a conscious and deliberate action to reduce volatility of reported earnings during successive periods at a level of earnings which is considered the company's normal level.
8220;The industry has become saturated with hair
smoothing products that are not always safe or that don't necessarily do enough to restore the health of hair,” explains Peter Coppola.
After this introduction, the second section presents a brief description of income
smoothing and a review of the papers on this issue.
Smoothing provided a clearer picture of the areas of increased risk on a smaller scale than by town.
Utilizing the exponential
smoothing model program to forecast quarterly, monthly and annual estimates is a simple process.
Further, the study shows that the combined effects of
smoothing and ORR can improve the performance of simple shop floor dispatching rules like first come-first served to the point where they are competitive with more sophisticated, due date oriented rules.
a touch of Head Games Split Personality Dual-Purpose
Smoothing Serum ($12, 1-800-456-9322) if using a moisturizing formula isn't enough to fight frizzies.
Our exclusive filling spheres harness the industry's most natural active ingredient, hyaluronic acid, for high-intensity and rapid- action skin
smoothing and softening results.
