Blanchard, Formation of gold nanoparticles using amine
reducing agents. Lang., 22 , 5882, (2006).
The components involved in the biological synthesis of nanoparticles include a solvent medium for synthesis, an environmentally friendly
reducing agent, and a nontoxic stabilizing agent [24].
Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using CMC as stabilizer and
reducing agent. The reactions were carried out at 0[degrees]C; this low temperature was used because particle growth is slower at lower temperatures; it favors stabilization during nucleation and promotes obtaining of more stable nanoclusters; furthermore, at low temperatures, CMC adsorption on the nanoparticles is larger, given more stability [20, 21].
Hydrogen tetrachloroaurate was reduced using 1,4,7,10,13,16,21,24-octazabicyclo[8.8.8] hexacosane (azacryptand) as stabalizing and
reducing agent to synthesize spherical nanoparticles with an average diameter of 20.9 3.3 nm [71].
The team then replaced the cysteine in the experiment with another
reducing agent: Vitamin C.
Current technology includes heating crude oil and injecting drag
reducing agent (DRA) chemicals to reduce oil viscosity.
It is based on N-heterocyclic carbene catalyst and a silane as the
reducing agent.
The pro cess uses chemicals that are environmentally friendly, such as ascorbic acid (vitamin C) as a
reducing agent, and requires less catalyst.
Typically, SCR systems use a nitrogen-containing
reducing agent (usually ammonia or urea) that is injected into the engine's exhaust upstream of the catalyst.
The addition of a
reducing agent sets up an equilibrium between [Cu.sup.I] and [Cu.sup.II] and maintains the balance throughout the reaction."