In many industrialized countries, including Australia, whole-cell vaccine was replaced by the less
reactogenic acellular vaccine (ACV).
Peptide vaccines are an attractive alternative strategy that relies on the usage of short peptide fragments to engineer the induction of highly targeted immune responses, consequently avoiding allergenic and/or
reactogenic sequences [9].
Developing a less
reactogenic whole-cell vaccine might be a workaround, but it hasn't been done yet.
Developing a less
reactogenic whole-cell vaccine might be a work-around, but it hasn't been done yet.
Several countries have transitioned from using mouse brain-derived vaccine to newer, less
reactogenic vaccines with simpler dosing schedules, as recommended by WHO (1).
There were no significant differences in any serum cytokine concentration between groups: flap repairs compared to health controls at 6 months after operation, except the first swine model where the polypropylene mesh was used; being a
reactogenic material it stimulates mainly the local production of proinflammatory cytokines.
Our responsibility: Do not become discouraged or lose enthusiasm for aP, but explain to parents that, because aP is less
reactogenic, it produces less protection and is less durable, particularly in school-age children.
Alternative approaches to developing this vaccine included attempts at attenuation of RSV, which generally resulted in vaccine candidates that were either too
reactogenic or too attenuated.
Only one negative
reactogenic side-effect was associated with the vector vaccine, i.e.
Waning of protective immunity after natural infection or vaccination and shifting from
reactogenic Wc vaccines to safer but less effective Ac vaccines are some reasons for pertussis resurgence (3).
botulinum being spore former, a dedicated facility is required; (ii) yields of toxin production are very low; (iii) the toxoiding process involves large quantities of toxin and thus dangerous; (iv) toxoid proteins are not purified thus other proteins may influence immunogenicity or reactivity of the vaccine; and (v) since the residual levels of formalin are part of the product formulation to prevent reactivation of toxin, the vaccine is
reactogenic. The development of a new generation recombinant vaccine could alleviate many of the problems associated with the toxoid.