phosphorylation


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phosphorylation

 [fos″for-ĭ-la´shun]
the process of introducing a phosphate group into an organic molecule.
oxidative phosphorylation the final common pathway of aerobic energy metabolism in which high-energy phosphate bonds are formed by phosphorylation of ADP to ATP coupled with the transfer of electrons along a chain of carrier proteins with molecular oxygen as the final acceptor. It occurs in mitochondria.

phos·phor·y·la·tion

(fos'fōr-i-lā'shŭn),
Addition of phosphate to an organic compound, such as glucose to produce glucose monophosphate, through the action of a phosphotransferase (phosphorylase) or kinase.

phos·phor·y·la·tion

(fos'fŏr-i-lā'shŭn)
Addition of phosphate to an organic compound, such as glucose to produce glucose monophosphate, through the action of a phosphotransferase (phosphorylase) or kinase.

phosphorylation

The addition of a phosphate group to an organic molecule.

phosphorylation

the process in which one of more phosphate groups is added to a molecule. Such reactions occur regularly in biological systems. For example, in AEROBIC RESPIRATION glucose is phosphorylated in GLYCOLYSIS; ADP is phosphorylated to ATP at the substrate level and via the ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM; in plants ATP is produced by PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION.

phos·phor·y·la·tion

(fos'fŏr-i-lā'shŭn)
Addition of phosphate to an organic compound, such as glucose to produce glucose monophosphate, through the action of a phosphotransferase (phosphorylase) or kinase.
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When undifferentiated neural stem cells harvested and cultured from a fetal mouse brain were given fibroblast growth factor (FGF2), expression of Matrin-3 increased greatly and phosphorylation advanced.
Matrin-3 Protein Determines Fate Of Neural Stem Cells In Brain Development
According to recent medical research, there is a phenomenon in which proteins that have undergone reactions may phosphorylate other proteins in a chain reaction (chained information), and this may be the key to predicting new, unknown phosphorylation reactions related to that phenomenon.
Fujitsu Develops Technology to Predict Biochemical Reactions, Clarifying the Mechanisms of Genetic Disorders
In the presence of the T[beta]Rl/AlK5 inhibitor (SB-431542), the phosphorylation of the Smad2L had completely abolished.
Reactive Oxygen Species and p38MAPK Have a Role in the Smad2 Linker Region Phosphorylation Induced by TGF-[beta]
The human Muller cell line, MIO-M1, indicated similar trends as observed in HREC where not all sites resulted in increased phosphorylation with high glucose exposure.
Characterization of Site-Specific Phosphorylation of NF-[kappa]B p65 in Retinal Cells in Response to High Glucose and Cytokine Polarization
PDK1 and mTORC2 are grouped as a single enzyme catalyzing the phosphorylation (activation) of AKT.
A Dynamic Model of PI3K/AKT Pathways in Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Rectangular strips (~2 mm x 10 mm x 2 mm) of full thickness muscle were used for the protein expression and phosphorylation studies.
Contractile Protein Expression and Phosphorylation and Contractility of Gastric Smooth Muscles from Obese Patients and Patients with Obesity and Diabetes
Additionally, our group has recently demonstrated that the treatment of genetically different GBM cell lines with PP242 but not with rapamycin induces a dramatic and permanent reduction of AKT phosphorylation on serine 473 that not only counteracts tumor growth and invasiveness but also prevents GSC proliferation.
Targeting mTOR in Glioblastoma: Rationale and Preclinical/Clinical Evidence
As described in detail in Materials and Methods, PSD phosphorylation was quantified by phosphorimaging of the [sup.32]P incorporation following SDS-PAGE separation of the proteins (Figures 2(a) and 2(b)).
Activation State-Dependent Substrate Gating in [Ca.sup.2+]/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II
However, the activities of [I.sub.K] are dependent not only on expression levels of the potassium channel, but also on the phosphorylation status of the channels (25).
Tyrosine phosphorylation of Kv1.5 is upregulated in intrauterine growth retardation rats with exaggerated pulmonary hypertension
Phosphorylation of proteins was considered to be positive when over 10% of all cells were stained, in contrast to the isotype control.
Single-Cell Phosphospecific Flow Cytometric Analysis of Canine and Murine Adipose-Derived Stem Cells
[alpha]-Synuclein consists of 140 amino acid residues [24] organized in three structural regions: an amphipathic amino-terminal domain from 1 to 60 amino acid residues, responsible for the binding of [alpha]-synuclein to lipid vesicles [25, 26]; the NAC (non-amyloid-[beta] component) region from 61 to 95 amino acid residues, also found in amyloid plaques of patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease [27] and responsible for [alpha]-synuclein aggregation and [beta] sheets arrangement [28]; and the carboxy-terminal domain from 96 to 140 amino acid residues, which is the main target for the protein phosphorylation [29, 30] (Figure 1(a)).
Phosphorylated [alpha]-Synuclein-Copper Complex Formation in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease
Here, we aimed to assess how incubation in 1% [O.sub.2] affects the phosphorylation of these signaling components.
Hypoxia Downregulates MAPK/ERK but Not STAT3 Signaling in ROS-Dependent and HIF-1-Independent Manners in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

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