pes cavus

pes

 [pes] (pl. pe´des) (L.)

1. foot.

2. any footlike part.

pes abduc´tus talipes valgus.

pes adduc´tus talipes varus.

pes ca´vus talipes cavus.

pes hippocam´pi a formation of two or three elevations on the ventricular surface of the hippocampus.

pes pla´nus (pes val´gus) flatfoot.

pes va´rus talipes varus.

tal·i·pes ca'v·us

an exaggeration of the normal arch of the foot.

Synonym(s): contracted foot, pes cavus, talipes plantaris

pes cavus

See clawfoot.

pes cavus

High arch Orthopedics A foot with a high longitudinal–toe to heel–arch Etiology Neuromuscular diseases Clinical Changed muscle tone, pain, especially when stress is placed on the arch, significant disability

pes cavus

(pes kā'vŭs)

Condition characterized by increased height of the foot's medial longitudinal arch.
Synonym(s): clawfoot, claw foot.

pes

(pes, pez) (pe'dez) plural.pedes [L.]

The foot or a footlike structure.

pes abductus

Talipes valgus.

pes adductus

Talipes varus.

PES ANSERINUS

pes anserinus

1. The network of branches of the facial nerve as it passes through the parotid gland

PES ANSERINUS

2. The combined tendinous expansions of the sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus muscles at the medial border of the tibial tuberosity. See: illustration

pes cavus

Talipes arcuatus.

pes contortus

Talipes equinovarus.

pes equinovalgus

A condition in which the heel is elevated and turned laterally.

pes equinovarus

A condition in which the heel is turned inward and the foot is plantar flexed.

pes equinus

A deformity marked by walking without touching the heel to the ground. Synonym: talipes equinus

pes gigas

Macropodia.

pes hippocampi

The lower portion of the hippocampus major.

infraorbital pes

Terminal radiating branches of the infraorbital nerve after exit from the infraorbital canal.

pes planus

Flatfoot.

pes valgus

Talipes valgus.

pes varus

Talipes varus.

pes cavus

See CLAW FOOT.

pes cavus

high-arched or claw foot. An acquired or congenital condition, which results from plantarflexion of the forefoot relative to the rearfoot, with elevation of the longitudinal arch. Associated with clawing of the toes, depression of the first metatarsal and hindfoot varus. May be the result of underlying neuromuscular disease. Can present with pain, difficulty in getting suitable shoes or obvious foot deformity. In sport, good podiatry input and correctly fitted shoes will minimize secondary effects, which are seen primarily in weight-bearing sports.

pes cavus

; cavus foot idiopathic or neurological, fixed or mobile foot deformity; characterized by increased sagittal height of medial longitudinal arch, and variable degrees of tendo Achilles contracture (functional ankle equinus) and non-reducible rearfoot varus, forefoot equinus, partial or total forefoot valgus, plantarflexion and varus adduction (toward midline of body) of first metatarsal, hallux abductovalgus, triggered hallux (+ associated soft-tissue and nail lesions), clawing of lesser toes (+ associated soft-tissue and nail lesions), decreased plantar contact area/increased plantar pressures + hyperkeratotic lesions (at first + fifth or 2/3/4 metatarsophalangeal joints and basal fifth metatarsal areas), plantar fasciitis, heel pain and plantar enthesiopathy, and difficulty in obtaining shoes that fit/do not traumatize the foot; neurological causes of pes cavus include poliomyelitis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, spina bifida occulta, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, hereditary motor and sensorimotor neuropathies, Friedreich's ataxia and spinal cord tumours (see Table 1 Figure 1; Box 1)

• Limited or reduced subtalar joint range of motion, especially frontal-plane motion

• General reduced range of motion of all foot joints

• Increased angulation of the calcaneum, metatarsals and phalanges relative to the support surface

• Decreased angulation of the talus and navicular, relative to the support surface

• Retraction of the toes, and trigger deformity of first toe

• Inversion of the rearfoot and rearfoot instability

• Reduced plantar contact area and increased forces in those areas of the plantar skin that are in contact with the ground surface

• Decreased or lost ankle joint dorsiflexion

• Signs of other neuromuscular pathologies in the patient or in other members of the patient's family

Table 1: Diagnosis of foot function from shoe wear marks

Wearmark	Characteristics
Normal wear	Outsole and heel Posterolateral heel wear Heavier wear across sole at treadline, especially at 1 and 2 MTPJs Heavier wear distal to 1 MTPJ due to hallux toe off Insole/insock Uniform discoloration of heel seat Lateral discoloration at waist (corresponding to lateral midsole) Distal discoloration due to toe pulps, 1cm from end of insole Lining of upper Even discoloration of posterior, medial and lateral areas of quarters No unevenness of wear due to foot moving within shoe No indentation or wear at lining of toe puff Upper No part of the upper should overhang the sole or welt No distortion of the upper Shallow, oblique crease corresponding to metatarsal formula and the treadline of the outsole Symmetrical quarters
Hallux limitus/rigidus	Outsole and heel Excessive posterolateral heel wear Excessive wear and/or spin wear marks under 2 and 5 MTPJs secondary to abductory twist Minimal wear under 1 MTPJ but greater wear under IPJ hallux Reduced toe spring Insole/insock Discoloration of lateral heel seat Heavy discoloration and wear below 2 and 5 MTPJs Minimal discoloration and wear below 1 MTPJ Discoloration and wear at distal phalanx of hallux Lining of upper Discoloration of lateral area of quarters Excess wear of lateral vamp area in 5 MTPJ area Excess wear of medial dorsal vamp at 1 MTPJ consistent with osteophyte formation at 1 MTPJ Upper Bulging of upper at the lateral/posterior quarters in the heel area Bulging of lateral vamp over the outsole consistent with prolonged rearfoot inversion Increased obliquity of transverse crease Dorsal bulging of vamp in area of 1 MTPJ Lateral drift of throat of shoe and distal drift of lateral facing in relation to medial facing
Pes cavus	Outsole and heel Excessive posterior (transverse) heel wear Excessive wear at treadline Minimal wear proximal and distal to treadline Exaggerated toe spring Insole/insock Heavy discoloration and wear of heel seat Heavy discoloration and wear below 1 and 5 MTPJs Discoloration and wear at pulps of toes, due to clawing Lining of upper Discoloration of medial, lateral and posterior areas of quarters Wear of tongue lining Wear of lining of upper toe box due to retracted toes Upper Bulging of upper at the posterior quarters in the heel area Wear of upper margin of back stay Bulging/stretching of anterior quarters due to tarsal 'humping' Facings diverge proximally Deep transverse crease Dorsal bulging of vamp over toes
Pes planovalgus	Outsole and heel Posterolateral heel wear Anterior medial heel wear Collapse of shoe waist (shank may break) Excessive wear under 2, 3 and 4 MTPJs Excessive wear along distal medial area of sole Insole/insock Excessive wear under 2, 3 and 4 MTPJs Excessive wear at medial waist area Excessive wear at 3, 4 and 5 toe pulps Lining of upper Discoloration of medial, lateral and posterior areas of quarters Excess wear of medial toe box area Upper Bulging of upper at the medial, lateral/posterior quarters in the heel area Bulging of medial quarter over outsole Shallow transverse crease Medial bulging of vamp in area of 1 MTPJ if hallux abductovalgus is present Bulging of lateral toe box secondary to clawing of lesser toes Medial drift of throat of shoe and distal drift of medial facing in relation to lateral facing
Note: Wear marks are always less marked in shoes made of synthetic materials. MTPJ, metatarsophalangeal joint; IPJ, interphalangeal joint.

Figure 1: Rearfoot varus. A, uncompensated rearfoot varus. B, compensated rearfoot varus. C, pattern of hyperkeratotic lesions in the compensated foot. D and E, orthotic and shoe modification to control compensation. This article was published in Neale's Disorders of the Foot, Lorimer, French, O'Donnell, Burrow, Wall, Copyright Elsevier, (2006).