Metaphor and metonymy often interplay (Ruiz de Mendoza and Diez 2003).
The issue of cross-cultural variation in metaphor has raised great interest.
Metaphor advertising can positively impact marketing by altering consumer beliefs (Phillips & McQuarrie, 2009), increasing both their cognitive and affective elaborations (Kim et al., 2012), improving their motivation to process (Chang & Yen, 2013), and enhancing their product expectation (Kronrod & Danziger, 2013).
One of the characteristics of metaphorical frames that appears to influence which underlying mechanism these frames are processed through is the novelty of the
metaphor that is used to frame (e.g., Bowdle & Gentner, 2005; Lai, Curran, & Menn, 2009).
Overall, Crespo-Fernandez's book is an interesting contribution to the field of linguistic taboo and conceptual
metaphor and has insightful reflections at the semantic, pragmatic and cultural levels.
At the heart of the transmission model is a conceptual
metaphor that uses technology, that is, communication systems, to explain various aspects of the communication process.
Critique: An absolutely fascinating, informative, unique, and absorbing read from first page to last, "Farnsworth's Classical English
Metaphor" is very highly recommended for the personal reading lists of academics and non-specialist general readers with an interest in the subject of
metaphors, and as a critically essential addition to community and academic library collections.
Since cognitive linguist George Lakoff and philosopher Mark Johnson in 1980 published
Metaphors We Live By,
metaphor analysis has attracted researchers in diverse fields including education.
While Crystal's categorization is very useful from a linguistic semantics standpoint (the focus on a triadic relation among conventionality, language, and to what it refers), from the perspective of linguistic pragmatics (the focus on a polyadic relation among conventionality, speaker, situation, and hearer), however, Stephen Levinson suggests the following "tripartite classification of
metaphors": (6)
The Book of Job systematically uses spatial
metaphors to "think" about key theological themes, says Joode, such as well-being, ethics, and retribution.