While fermented cheeses are the best dietary source of
menaquinones in the West, most will not be able to consume enough to obtain optimal amounts of vitamin K2, nor is cheese a practical source for extracting the
menaquinones," added Dr.
Vermeer, "Determination of Phylloquinone and
Menaquinones in Food: Effect of Food Matrix on Circulating Vitamin K Concentrations," Haemostasis 30, 298-307 (2000).
1997) Incorporation of 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol, a putative isoprenoid precursor in the mevalonate-independent pathway, into ubiquinone and
menaquinone of Escherichia coli.
It is, however, vitamin K2, the
menaquinones, that are responsible for the cardiovascular benefits, and not vitamin K1.
Dietary phylloquinone and
menaquinones intakes and risk of type 2 diabetes.
The majority of studies use
menaquinone, which is approximately 400-fold higher than dietary recommendations for vitamin K1.
It occurs in nature in two primary forms: K1 or phylloquinone and K2 or
menaquinone.
OBJECTIVES: To provide a rational basis for recommended daily allowances (RDA) of dietary phylloquinone (vitamin K1) and
menaquinone (vitamin K2) intake that adequately supply extrahepatic (notably vascular) tissue requirements.
In 2012 NattoPharma patents in US and Canada were granted covering the use of
menaquinone (vitamin K2) in foods and supplements for maintaining, optimizing, strengthening or promoting cardiovascular health.
We observed a nonsignificant inverse association between total prostate cancer and total
menaquinone intake [multivariate relative risk (highest compared with lowest quartile): 0.
MK-4 is just one of many
menaquinones that collectively make up vitamin K2.
8220;The role of
menaquinones (vitamin K₂) in human health” Journal of Nutrition 110(8):1357-68 (2013).
