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LPA is produced by fatty acid deacylation of phosphatidic acid (PA) by [PLA.sub.2] (or [PLA.sub.1]), or by removal of the polar head group of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), which is produced from PC by [PLA.sub.2] (or [PLA.sub.1]), by a lysophospholipase D termed autotaxin (ATX).
Shimada, "Lysophosphatidylcholine induces apoptosis in human endothelial cells through a p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent mechanism," Atherosclerosis, vol.
Isomeric sn-1-octadecenyl and sn-2- octadecenyl analogues of lysophosphatidylcholine as substrates for acylation and desaturation by plant microsomal membranes.
Along with an increase in maintenance of total phospholipids (TP) (P < 0.01), fractions of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylethanolamine (PEA) (P < 0.05) raise and the maintenance of fractions sphingomyelin (SPM) (P < 0.01), phosphatidylcholine (PC) (P < 0.01) decreases that lead to an increase in a value of the coefficient saying of a relation between easily oxidizable (PS, PEA) to difficult oxidizable (SPM, PC).
PNPLA6 encodes for neuropathy target esterase (NTE), a lysophospholipase that maintains intracellular phospholipid homeostasis by converting lysophosphatidylcholine to glycerophosphocholine (42).
Inflammatory stress increases receptor for lysophosphatidylcholine in human microvascular endothelial cells.
Self-ligands for CD1a can be either permissive, such as lysophosphatidylcholine that allows activation of autoreactive T cells as it allows the contact of the CD1a with the TCR, or nonpermissive, such as sphingomyelin that disrupts the TCR-CD1a contact zone and in this way does not allow activation of CD1a-restricted T cells [48].
Some have suggested that lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) may be a likely candidate.
A total of 116 lipids were identified and quantified by UPLC-TOF ESI-positive mode that were distributed as follows: five classes of glycerophospholipids [phosphocholine (PC) with 20 lipids, lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) with 6 lipids, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) with 9 lipids, phosphatidylserine (PS) with 7 lipids, and phosphatidylinositol (PI) with 3 lipids]; diacylglycerols (DG) with 20 lipids; triacylglycerols (TG) with 39 lipids; cholesterylesters (CE) with 4 lipids; and sphingolipids (SM) with 8 lipids.
A special place is occupied by lysophosphatidic acid, lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), and a number of lysosphingolipids [10-12].
Mapstone and his associates identified a set of 10 metabolites that comprised phosphatidylcholines, lysophosphatidylcholine, and acylcarnitines, which were each found at much lower levels in the plasma of the converter group before conversion than in the plasma of the cognitively normal group.
Particularly in ox-LDL, in which the phospholipids have undergone extensive oxidative modification, the action of [Lp-PLA.sub.2] results in the release of oxidized nonesterified fatty acids (FA) and lysophosphatidylcholine (lyso-PtdCho) [27].
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