The synaptonemal complex is a unique meiosis specific structure which is critical for chiasma (locations of crossover) formation,
homologous chromosome binding, and chromosome segregation [54].
Additive effects for seed cotton yield were positive and significantly different than zero for all cultivars and CS-B02; however, no chromosome from 3-79 had additive effects significantly greater than additive effects of the
homologous chromosome in TM-1.
Viewed through the light microscope, the karyotype and individual chromosomes may be described in traditional morphological terms, but the visible features of chromosomes are few, and the level of description has changed little since Sutton (1903) remarked that
homologous chromosomes were "those that correspond in size."
Establishing these markers for the apospory gene will be a valuable aid to positioning other markers near the apomixis gene locus and could be useful in tracking the
homologous chromosomes in meiotic cells during aposporous embryo sac development.
Different lengths of the same arm (and band/locus, where applicable) from
homologous chromosomes were combined to mean values and then represented in the haploid complement of the idiogram.
The main cause of the sterility of mules and hinnies is probably related to failure of pairing of
homologous chromosomes at meiosis during spermatogenesis (Wodsedalek, 1966; Taylor and Short, 1973; Chandley et al., 1974; 1975).
Humans are diploid organisms; they have paired
homologous chromosomes in their somatic cells, which contain two copies of each gene.
Whole-genome sequencing generates a single consensus sequence without assigning variants to specific
homologous chromosomes.
Homologous chromosomes were arranged on the basis of morphological similarity (size, position of centromere and secondary constriction).
This demonstration further reinforces the idea that the synapse of
homologous chromosomes is a hallmark of meiosis because the bi-orientation of nonsister kinetochores (two kinetochores from
homologous chromosomes) results in the physical separation of the
homologous chromosomes (Luo, 2009).
At this point the
homologous chromosomes are separated, and the cell divides, giving the intermediate cells two versions of a chromosome from each homologous pair.
Each of the
homologous chromosomes has 2 alpha genes; thus, there are 4 functional alpha genes in total.