Recently, a generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) approach emerged as a promising tool and has been used for detecting gene-gene and
gene-environment interactions in either dichotomous or continuous phenotypes, as well as permitting adjustment for discrete and quantitative covariates and enhancing prediction accuracy [13,14].
Two independent studies regarded
gene-environment interactions and suggested that CYP2D6 poor metabolizers (PM), who were exposed to pesticides, exhibited an increased risk for PD both compared with unexposed subjects and pesticide-exposed CYP2D6 extensive metabolizers (EMs) [53, 54].
Given the
gene-environment interaction identified, we performed genotype stratified analyses in the combined sample (discovery and replication) as well as additional explorative analyses assessing the robustness of the observed [PM.sub.10]-CDH13 interaction with a particular focus on smoking and on weight-related variables.
The results of this study showed no significant association between
gene-environment interaction terms (rs1380--allele C x multigravida) as risk for developing VTE in women aged 18-80+.
The literature surrounding specific
gene-environment interactions in the area of alcohol use has developed largely independently of the latent
gene-environment interaction literature reviewed above.
However, one area that requires further methods development is
gene-environment interaction. Though epidemiologists have various methods for examining
gene-environment interaction, the relative number of studies focusing on applying and evaluating these tools are few.
His most recent papers are state-of-the-art studies drawn from 30-year longitudinal twin studies in Finland on
gene-environment interaction in the schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
Interestingly, in spite of researchers' shift toward a
gene-environment interaction model to explain more universal developmental outcomes, the study of talent and giftedness remains, for the most part, orthogonal to this trend, with some camps still advocating what are essentially environmental or genetic "main effects" positions.
Such
gene-environment interaction studies can give added support for the association between alcohol and breast cancer suggested by previous research, she noted.
KEY WORDS: children, development,
gene-environment interaction, PCBs, puberty, TCDD.
Alcohol research is an area where one might imagine
gene-environment interaction effects to be particularly important in etiological models because, by definition, exposure to alcohol is a necessary condition for the eventual development of alcohol-related problems.
There appears to be a genetic component to a lot of these but there is a
gene-environment interaction as well.
