gastric outlet obstruction

gastric outlet obstruction

Gastroenterology A manifestation of gastric dysmotility; the rate of gastric emptying is controlled by duodenal receptors for fat or acid Etiology Ulcers, benign or malignant tumors, inflammation–cholecystitis, acute pancreatitis or Crohn's disease, caustic strictures, pyloric stenosis Clinical Vomiting–often daily, intermittent epigastric pain; GOO may occur in neonates associated with antral hyperplasia, which has been attributed to therapy with PGE₁, used to maintain patency of the ductus arteriosus in the face of congenital heart disease

gastric outlet obstruction

Blockage of the flow of food or liquids from the stomach to the duodenum. In children, the cause may be pyloric stenosis or atresia. In adults, ulcers and cancer are frequent causes.

See also: obstruction

gastric

pertaining to, affecting, or originating in the stomach.

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gastric acid

see gastric juice (below).

gastric atony

a large distended stomach lacking in tone as seen in a horse that is a windsucker and continuously swallows air. Predisposes to chronic indigestion.

gastric cicatricial contraction

in horses causes constriction of the stomach and subsequent dilatation of the dorsal sac.

gastric dilatation

see gastric dilatation colic.

gastric dilatation-displacement

see gastric dilatation-volvulus (below).

gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV)

a syndrome of gastric dilatation leading to volvulus, seen most often in deep-chested, large breed dogs. The etiology is unclear, but aerophagia or overeating are important factors. Gastric hemorrhage and ulceration, hypotensive, hypovolemic shock, and severe electrolyte disturbances contribute to the high mortality. Surgical intervention is often required, cardiac dysrhythmias complicate recovery, and recurrences are common. Called also gastric dilatation-displacement, bloat.

gastric distention

in pigs commonly results in vomiting.

gastric edema

an accompaniment of edema in most organs in cases where edema is widespread; as a sole lesion is significant in the abomasum in cases of arsenic poisoning, ostertagiasis and in edema disease in pigs.

gastric emptying time

the time taken for the stomach to begin to empty of contents; demonstrated in contrast radiography. Delayed in gastric retention due to dysfunction of the pylorus, abnormalities of gastric motility, foreign bodies and systemic diseases.

gastric fluid

see gastric juice (below).

gastric folds

folds in the gastric mucosa and part of the submucosa oriented in the direction of the long axis of the stomach, as they are in the abomasum; they may be few and simple or numerous and tortuous, as in the dog.

gastric foreign body

occurs most commonly in dogs, causing vomiting. Occasionally it may pass into the small intestine, causing partial or complete obstruction with more severe signs of dehydration, shock, and sometimes perforation with peritonitis. A variety of objects may be swallowed, e.g. needles, balls, children's toys, bones, fish hooks and socks, to name a few.

gastric habronemiasis

see habronemiasis.

gastric hemorrhage

caused by gastric ulcer or foreign body. May cause sudden death due to exsanguination, as in pigs with esophagogastric ulcer, or anemia with melena.

gastric hormones

see gastrointestinal hormones.

gastric impaction

in horses fed a diet of coarse indigestible roughage; a cause of subacute colic.

gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)

a tentative gut hormone secreted by the mucosa of the small intestine and playing a part in controlling gastric (inhibition) and intestinal (stimulation) secretion and insulin release (stimulation).

gastric intubation

see intubation.

gastric invagination

a technique for gastric resection in which areas of nonviable gastric wall are folded inward and the remainder sutured together so the necrotic tissue sloughs into the gastric lumen.

gastric juice

the secretion of glands in the walls of the stomach for use in digestion. Its essential ingredients are pepsin, an enzyme that breaks down proteins in food, and hydrochloric acid, which destroys bacteria and is of assistance in the digestive process.

gastric motility

varies between the three regions of the stomach, being most active in the antrum, has a basic slow wave motility and a capacity to increase in response to the fullness of the stomach and to decrease with a rise in acidity of the duodenal contents.

gastric mucosa

secretes pepsin (as pepsinogen), hydrochloric acid.

gastric neoplasia

includes adenocarcinoma, carcinoma, benign adenomatous polyps, leiomyomas, plasmacytoma, squamous cell carcinoma.

gastric outlet obstruction

see pyloric obstruction, pyloric outflow failure.

gastric peptidases

includes pepsin A, trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidase A, carboxypeptidase B.

gastric perforation

in horses occurs secondarily to lesions of the stomach wall, especially squamous cell carcinoma; causes a local peritonitis, often with extension to the spleen.

gastric pits

multiple small depressions in the gastric area of the stomach; a gastric gland opens into the bottom of each pit.

gastric rotation

rotations of the stomach in the embryonic abdomen between its first appearance and its final disposition. In simple-stomached animals such as dogs two rotations are recognized, from the axial tube ventrally and to the left.

gastric rupture

causes sudden cessation of abdominal pain caused by distention; acute endotoxic shock and peracute, diffuse peritonitis kill the animal within a few hours.

gastric squamous-cell carcinoma

the commonest gastric neoplasm in horses. Seen usually in the advanced stages of anorexia and weight loss. Characterized by a fungating mass in the pars esophagea often with secondary implants locally, sometimes widespread in other organs.

gastric torsion

in sows, predisposed by large, sloppy meal and great excitement at feeding time leading to very fast eating. There is a short course with death due to shock and infarction of the stomach wall. See also gastric dilatation-volvulus (above).

gastric ulcer

an ulcer of the inner wall of the stomach. It occurs in all species at a low level but causes little disease. There is a high prevalence in horses racing and in training and is thought to result in impaired appetite. In horses, also caused by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Esophagogastric ulcer in pigs may reach epidemic proportions in some piggeries and cause serious mortalities due to blood loss. Called also gastric mucosal ulceration.

gastric venous infarction

gross lesions of bright red to dark red mucosa; occur in many septicemias, viremias and toxemias in horses and pigs.

gastric waves

peristaltic waves, the pacemakers for antral peristalsis.