Particularly in counseling psychology, there has been a call to consider "extrapsychic forces that adversely affect the emotional and physical well-being of people" (Kiselica & Robinson, 2001, p.
Graduate students, like all members of subordinate social groups, feel they have few rights as they struggle to meet their own educational challenges, emotional needs, and reactions to the extrapsychic factors that adversely affect their progress through their academic programs (Humble et al., 2006; Luna & Cullen, 1998; Russell & Horne, 2009).
Perceptions of intrapsychic and
extrapsychic functioning as bases of adolescent ego identity statuses.
Nevertheless, many practitioners assert that, with specific cultural modifications that take into account the
extrapsychic, pragmatic, and rational orientation of many Chinese clients, psychodynamic and psychoanalytic approaches may be effectively applied (Wu, 1994; Yi, 1995).
The aforementioned trends and power issues constitute what Kiselica and Robinson (2001) called "
extrapsychic forces" (p.
Thus, both intra- and
extrapsychic factors are crucial here.
Counseling strategies are often, although in a somewhat arbitrary manner, divided into intrapsychic (intrapersonal) and extrapsychic (interpersonal) forms of intervention (Shepperson Mauger & Zinober, 1975).
Extrapsychic counseling techniques, on the other hand, are particularly concerned with the ability to communicate with others (e.g., family members, friends) by possessing appropriate and socially-sanctioned interpersonal skills.
3) Bradley's presidential theme reflects a growing movement to expand the practice of counseling from its traditional focus on the intrapsychic concerns of clients to a broader focus on the many
extrapsychic forces that adversely affect the emotional and physical well-being of people.