In all experimental groups, there were significant adhesions characterized by loose fibrous filaments between the tendon and the surrounding
epitenon and paratenon tissues, which thickened due to highly vascular and oedematous granulation tissue.
Care should be taken to preserve the
epitenon layer, which lies deep to the tendon sheath, for closure in the region above the patellar tendon.
In the second digit of the right hind paw, the FDP was partially divided and repaired with modified Kessler 2 core 5/0 Ethibond sutures (Johnson and Johnson, Somerville, NJ, USA) and a 6-0 Prolene (Ethicon, Johnson and Johnson, Somerville, NJ, USA) stitch for the circumferential
epitenon repair.
As the result of this analysis, we tried to demonstrate the endotenon,
epitenon and paratenon structures of tendo calcaneus (Fig.
Blood clot and granulation tissue fill the tendon and ligament gaps,
Epitenon cells proliferate and transform into fibroblasts, and the wound healing cascade continues to form a stable scar bridging the injured gaps.
Nanotopographical responsiveness has been observed in diverse cell types including fibroblasts, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, endothelial, smooth muscle, epithelial, and
epitenon cells.
The intrasynovial tendons are lined with only a single layer of epitenon cells.
As for flexor tendon tissue engineering, epitenon and endotenon cells are logical candidates.
The histological changes such as the increase in the number of fibroblasts [29], collagen organization [35], the increase in capillaries, thickening of the
epitenon [35] and formation of adhesions has been observed in healing tendon.
The endotenon and epitenon, which surrounds the type I collagen, primarily consists of type III collagen.
Structurally, tendons are made up of fascicles surrounded by epitenon. The fascicles are a collection of collagen fibrils surrounded by an endotenon.