Other synonyms used to describe an injury of this type are epiphyseolysis, osteochondrosis, stress fracture, and rotational stress fracture of the epiphyseal plate.
(7-8) Goddard (6) has divided direct shoulder trauma sustained at birth into simple (distortion of the humeral head), complicated (proximal humerus epiphyeal separation, such as epiphyseolysis (5)), and clavicular trauma.