Cataphyll single; basal part naked and smooth; distal
Cataphylls three; apex acute; thick claw-like ligular fibrous extensions.
Polyxylic stem covered by
cataphylls and persistent rhomboidal foliar bases.
Cataphylls triangular basally, lanceolate apically, 3-6 cm
Examples of such structural synapomorphies for the extant Cycadales are girdling leaf traces, an inverted omega pattern of vascular bundle arrangement in petiole and
cataphyll bases, protoxylem poles changing from endarch in the stem to exarch in the leaf traces, a primary thickening meristem, a contractile taproot, and ageotropic, coralloid, lateral roots (Stevenson, 1990b; Norstog & Nicholls, 1998).
A cycad stem generally consists of a large, starch-rich pith in the centre (with numerous medullary rays, and no growth rings), surrounded by a narrow zone of vascular tissue, followed by a thick layer of cortex, and an outer layer of leaf bases and the remains of dead
cataphylls (Chamberlain, 1919; Jones, 1993; Norstog and Nicholls, 1997; Grobbelaar, 2004; Vorster, 2004).
Bulb subglobose to ovoid, slightly compressed, 12-20 x 10-20 mm, prolonged in a collar up to 3 cm, sheathing the underground stem;
cataphylls dark-brown, broadly ovate, apex truncate or acute.
The results presented in this work indicate that the seedling and/or tirodendro is cryptocotylar and hypogeal, has
cataphylls, and presents eophylls and metaphylls simple with venation pinnate craspedodromous simple.
The plant grows to a height of 20-30 cm (8-12 in), and sprouts 5-11 white and non-photosynthetic leaf known as
cataphylls. They are membrane-like structures that cover and protect the crocus's 5-11 true leaves as they bud and develop.
1 cm in diameter, very rigid, bearing subtriangular-ovate
cataphylls, acuminate, straminaeous, coriaceous, entire, forming an inconspicuous crest.
The D tillers were completely enclosed by either
cataphylls (if they will become rhizomes) or non-emergent leaves (if they will become leafy F tillers; Fig.
Thus, our goals in the present paper are to examine the development of both long shoots and short shoots; to investigate the structural homology between the spines, the
cataphylls, the simple leaves, and the pinnately-compound leaves present in Berberis s.