Under low pH and high [Al.sup.3+] wheat root tips exude malate and citrate to the
apoplast and rhizosphere.
Evidence for the consequences of a barrier to solute diffusion between the
apoplast and vascular bundles in sugarcane stalk tissue.
Moreover, uptake of hexoses by developing kernels from the
apoplast is also an active process involving H+/hexose co transport.
Hernandez JA, Ferrer MA, Jimenez A, Barcelo AR, Sevilla F (2001) Antioxidant systems and O*-2 /[H.sub.2][O.sub.2] production in the
apoplast of pea leaves.
'IAC Fantastico', is possibly related to the mechanisms of defense to Al toxicity, since elements like P can help in the formation of insoluble compounds, such as [Al.sub.4][(P[O.sub.4]).sub.3], retarding the entry of Al in the
apoplast (Costa et al., 2014).
These mechanisms lead to acidification of the
apoplast and the activation of cell wall degrading exo-enzymes, making it more susceptible to the vacuolar turgor pressure and consequently, to cell elongation.
Effects of Salicylic Acid and Cold Treatments on Protein Levels and on the Activities of Antioxidants Enzymes in the
Apoplast of Winter Wheat Leaves', Phytochemistry, 67: 710-15.
Carboxylesterases in the leaf
apoplast of wheat seedlings catalyze the hydrolysis of herbicide esters and are substrate specific.
Popova, Effects of Salicylic Acid and Cold Treatment on Protein Levels and on the Activities of Antioxidant Enzymes in the
Apoplast of Winter Wheat Leaves, Phytochem., 67, 710 (2006).
[36] reported that Al accumulation in the beans primarily and predominantly occurred in the root
apoplast (30-90 % of the total absorbed Al) of peripheral cells, and is only very slowly translocated to more central tissues [37].
Fortunately, salt-tolerant plants have evolved some special mechanisms of salt tolerance which are to minimize the accumulation of toxic ions in plant tissue, partition them in the
apoplast and vacuole, increase the synthesis of osmotic adjustment substances such as proline and betaine for maintaining tissue water status, and enhance antioxidant capacity to prevent the occurrence of oxidative stress [7].
Effects of White, Blue, Red-Light and Darkness on Ph of the
Apoplast in the Samanea Pulvinus.