Transorbital sonography with GE Vivid e portable sonography system (GE, USA) with a 5.0-to-13.0-MHz 12L-RS wideband linear pediatric probe was performed by an experienced pediatric emergency physician trained in sonography.
Patterns of
transorbital intracranial injury: a review and comparison of occult and non-occult cases.
Hiratsuka, "Penetrating
transorbital brain injury and intracranial foreign body," No Shinkei Geka, vol.
Kulshrestha, "
Transorbital Stab Injury with Retained Knife: A Narrow Escape," Case Reports in Critical Care, vol.
Hassan et al., "
Transorbital sonographic evaluation of normal optic nerve sheath diameter in healthy volunteers in Bangladesh," PLoS One, vol.
Hansen, "Fundamentals of
transorbital sonographic evaluation of optic nerve sheath expansion under intracranial hypertension.
Transorbital sonography is a sensitive, highly accessible, user-friendly, and reliable technique for detecting optic nerve diameter (OND) and optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) [6] and is also able to show a significant thickening of OND and ONSD in the affected side, which is probably due to inflammation with subsequently increased perineural subarachnoid fluid [7].
The procedure, known as
transorbital alternating current stimulation (ACS), is able to re-synchronise the neural networks disrupted by the patient's vision loss, say the German researchers in the journal PLOS ONE.
Some case reports have alluded to the fact that
transorbital brain injuries may initially not be suspected and potentially could be misdiagnosed or missed, resulting in morbidity and even mortality.
This edition has new chapters on anterior skull base surgery, the pathophysiology of rhinosinusitis, preserving and improving the sense of smell, applied anatomy, the endoscopically assisted bimanual operating technique,
transorbital surgery, and interdisciplinary teamwork.
Transorbital alternating current stimulation is a potential method to restore sight.