Actinomadurae madurae, Nocardia species produce pale grains;
Streptomyces somaliensis produce yellow to brown grains; Actinomadurae pelletieri produce red to pink grains.
Actinomycotic mycetomas can be caused by Nocardia brasiliensis,
Streptomyces somaliensis, Streptomyces madurae, and Streptomyces pelleteri.
Refractory craniofacial actinomycetoma due to
Streptomyces somaliensis that required salvage therapy with amikacin and imipenem.