None of the identified DMCs at the other top imprinted genes--growth factor receptor bound protein 10 (Grb10), pleiomorphic adenoma gene-like 1 (Plagll), phosphodiesterase 10A (Pde10a), Klf14, and small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide N (Snrpn)--fell in known murine ICRs.
Five of these 12 genes had increased 5-hmC peaks by BPA exposure--Grb10, Pde10a, phosphodiesterase 4D (Pde4d), Plagl1, and Gnas.
The third additional hyper-hydroxymethylated imprinted gene, Pde10a, encodes phosphodiesterase 10A (Pde10a).
Isolation and characterization of a dual-substrate phosphodiesterase gene family: PDE10A. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96(12):7071-7076, PMID: 10359840.
5-hmC coverage was visualized at six imprinted loci with significant BPA-related DHMRs: (A) Gnas; (B) Grb10; (C) Plaglt; (D) Klf14; (E) Pde10a; and (F) Snrpn.
After sequencing the genomes of a few dozen Bajau and Saluan, the researchers found that the Bajau had much higher frequency of a variant of specific gene, called the
PDE10A, associated with spleen size.
We also assessed the expression of PDE1 (isoforms PDE1A, 1B and 1C), and
PDE10A, which hydrolyze both cAMP and cGMP, as well as the cAMP-specific PDE7 enzyme isoforms, PDE7A, and PDE7B, whose presence in the brain is well documented [34-36].