(1993)
MAdCAM-1 has homology to immunoglobulin and mucin-like adhesion receptors and to IgA1.
In specific, expression was moderate for [CD4.sup.+] and [CD8.sup.+] T-lymphocytes, while high for [CD68.sup.+] macrophages and MAdCAM-1. Tissue expression score was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the group RFA compared to the group Sham for all biomarkers (Figure 1).
Receptors and their ligands necessary for T-cell homing in the intestine include MAdCAM-1, integrin a4b7, lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, very late antigen-4 (a4b1), vascular cell adhesion protein 1, CCR9, CCL25, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1, and P-selectin [19].
According to animal studies, obstructive jaundice downregulates the numbers of [CD4.sup.+] and [CD8.sup.+] T-lymphocytes and MAdCAM-1 expression in the lamina propria [23].
Vedolizumab specifically binds to the alpha4beta7 integrin and blocks its interaction with
MAdCAM-1, therefore inhibiting the white blood cells from entering the inflamed gut tissue, thus decreasing inflammation.
Briskin et al., "[alpha]4[beta]7 Integrin mediates lymphocyte binding to the mucosal vascular addressin
MAdCAM-1," Cell, vol.
Suzuki et al., "Differential expression of mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease," Pathology International, vol.
Briskin et al., "[alpha]4/[beta]7 Integrin mediates lymphocyte binding to the mucosal vascular addressin MAdCAM-1," Cell, vol.
Butcher, "L-selectin-mediated lymphocyte rolling on MAdCAM-1," Nature, vol.
As the blockade of [alpha]4[beta]7 integrins prevents the adhesion of activated T lymphocytes to the mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 (
MAdCAM-1) and their extravasation into the gastrointestinal mucosa [53], natalizumab has been also approved for the treatment of moderate-to-severe CD in the USA [66].
Mizushima et al., "Involvement of oxidative stress and mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (
MAdCAM-1) in inflammatory bowel disease," Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, vol.
Salas et al., "VCAM-1, but not ICAM 1 or
MAdCAM-1, immunoblockade ameliorates DSS-induced colitis in mice," Laboratory Investigation, vol.
