Palmitoylation of
Kainate Receptors. Ionotropic kainite glutamate receptor GluR6 was the first ionotropic receptor shown to be palmitoylated [178].
The superfamily consists of 3 subtypes:
kainate receptors, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4 isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors and N-methyl-Daspartate (NMDA) receptors.
NMDAR is a glutamate ionotropic receptor (such as AMPA and
kainate receptors) and it was identified 30 years ago because of the selective antagonism by D-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid [10].
Overstimulation of glutamate receptors such as NMDA, AMPA, and
kainate receptors can cause an influx of calcium ions into the postsynaptic membrane.
Our previous study showed that GluR5-containing
kainate receptors (non-NMDA glutamate receptor) regulate the inhibitory synaptic transmission through endogenous glutamate; therefore, we tested how neonatal propofol and etomidate exposure affect endogenous glutamatergic tonic regulation to inhibitory synaptic transmission in P90 approximately rats.[sup][17] To determine whether NMDA receptors are involved in the tonic glutamatergic input on GABAergic neurotransmission, we tested the effect of AP5, a selective NMDA receptor antagonist, on sIPSCs.
Subunit-dependent modulation of
kainate receptors by muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
Particularly the NMDA receptors are the most sensitive to the effects of ethanol, even if AMPA and
kainate receptors are also modulated by this drug (Dodd, Beckmann, Davidson & Wilce, 2000).
However, E3 ubiquitin ligase may affect the synaptic functions in the central nervous system and the stability of
kainate receptors, which form a class of glutamate receptors implicated in epilepsy [19, 20].
Sensi, "[Ca.sup.2+]-[Zn.sup.2+] permeable AMPA or
kainate receptors: possible key factors in selective neurodegeneration," Trends in Neurosciences, vol.
Kainate Receptors. The only glutamate receptors shown in Table 1 are the
kainate receptors GluK, among which GluK2 was upregulated and edited in astrocytes, whereas GluK4 is upregulated, but not edited, in neurons following chronic fluoxetine treatment [22].
Kainate Receptors. The existence of
kainate receptors has been known for sometime, yet little is understood about the contribution to the pathology of PD or the potential of
kainate receptors as therapeutic targets in PD and PD-LID.