These include: the Thatcher government's Financial Management Initiative (FMI), Financial Management Unit (FMU), and management information systems (MINIS) initiated in the mid-1980s; the Australian labor government's Financial Management Improvement Program (
FMIP), program budgeting, and corporate planning initiatives of 1984-86, and New Zealand's State Owned Enterprises (SOE) Act of 1986 and State Sector Act of 1988.