Hypermethylation of the
CDKN2A gene promoter is a frequent epigenetic change in younger patients with cervical carcinoma and implies a significant epigenetic role in tumor development in this age group [51].
TABLA I INCIADORES UTILIZADOS EN LA PRUEBA DE PCR PRIMER SECUENCIA Pares de Ta Reconocida Sentido/Antisentido bases CDKN2B GCGTTCGTATTTTGCGGTT 147 60[grados]C CGTACAATAACCGAACGACCGA CDH1 GCGTTTGGTCGCGGGAGTTC 142 53[grados]CC TTCCCTCAAAAATCGTCCCCAC APC TATTGCGGAGTGCGGGTC 108 63[grados]CC TCGACGAACTCCCGACGA
CDKN2A TTATTAGAGGGTGGGGCGGATCGC 149 66[grados]CC GACCCCGAACCGCGACCGTAA hMLH1 AGAGTGGATAGTGATTTTTAATGT 130 60[grados]CC ACTCTATAAATTACTAAATCTCTTCA TABLA II ESTADO DE METILACION POR GENES ESTUDIADO Y POR ESTADIO CLINICO Genes Analizados Estadio II Estadio III Estadio IV % TOTAL P15 2(6,66%) 6(20%) 4(13,33%) 23,07% P16 1(3,38%) 2(6,6%) 5(16,66%) 15,39% hMLh1 0 0 4(13,33%) 7,7% CDH1 0 4(13,33%) 7(23,33%) 21,15% APC 2(6,6%) 7(23,33%) 8(26,66%) 32,69%
In a study in cancer-related signalling pathways in EBV-associated GC, genes of cell cycle regulation (IGFBP3,
CDKN2A, ID2, HSP70, CCND1, and ID4), DNA repair (BRCA1, TFF1), cell adhesion (ICAM1), angiogenesis (HIF1A), and inflammation (COX2) were found deregulated [200].
Frequent somatic alterations of
CDKN2A and NF1 significantly co-occur with PRC2 alteration.
Several studies identified inactivation of tumour suppressors (RB1, TP53, and
CDKN2A), activation of oncogenes (NRAS, KRAS), and mutations in epigenetic regulators (TET2, TET1, DNMT3A, IDH1, and IHD2) that are also frequently mutated in AML and myelodysplastic syndromes; furthermore, mutations in the IKAROS family genes and ATM aberrations have been discovered that are commonly found in lymphoid neoplasms [11-15].
UCA1, a direct target of coactivator of AP1 and estrogen receptor [alpha] (CAPER[alpha])/T-box3 (TBX3) repression, sequesters hnRNP I, which suppresses transcription of
CDKN2A and destabilizes
CDKN2A mRNA [44].
Likewise, a set of hypermethylated gene promoters, for example, FZD7,
CDKN2A, RASSFIA, and APC, were able to distinguish nontumor liver tissues from HCC tumors.
There are many proposed theories such as polymorphisms in PPAR2, IGF2BP2, CDKL1 and
CDKN2a in the quest to find a link between genetic factors and GDM.7 Many studies have linked T2DM with polymorphisms in KCNQ1 gene.16,11,13,19 but few with GDM.
(10) Although common etiological factors for both RCC and melanoma are not well-established, there are several possible links between these cancers, including: 1) exposure to shared environmental risk factors, such as obesity; (11) 2) shared genetic abnormalities, such as a common missense mutation in microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, (12) alterations in the
CDKN2A gene encoding p16INK4a, (13) and increased association of familial RCC and melanoma; (14) 3) alterations in the MAPK pathway; (15) 4) alterations in cell-mediated immunity; (16) and 5) increased medical surveillance leading to increased incidental detection of RCC.
Por ejemplo, se ha reportado que la hipermetilacion de
CDKN2A es un evento que ocurre muy temprano (fase premaligna); mientras que la metilacion de los genes RASSF1A, APC, ESR1, ABCB1, MT1G y HOXC9 esta asociada con NSCLC estadio I.
A gene called
CDKN2A is more active in sunexposed facial skin than in samples taken from the buttocks.
W toku badan ustalono takze, ze istotne w rozwoju czerniaka sa rowniez oksydacyjne uszkodzenia DNA, ktore prowadza do wystapienia mutacji w genie supresorowym p16INK4A (
CDKN2A) (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A INK4A), genie kodujacym cyklinozalezna kinaze 4 (cyclin-dependent kinase 4--CDK4) oraz mutacji aktywujacych kaskade przekazywania sygnalu w onkogenach Ras i BRAF (proto-oncogene B-Raf) [41].
