food additive

food additive

any of a large variety of substances added to foods to prevent spoilage, improve appearance, enhance flavor or texture, or increase nutritional value. Most food additives must be approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to determine whether they can cause cancer, birth defects, or other health problems. Examples include butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene in vitro, antioxidants that are added to fats to retard rancidity.

food additive

Food industry
Any of a number of chemicals and other products incorporated into processed foods, including flavourings (e.g., monosodium glutamate), preservatives (e.g., BHA and BHT) and dyes (e.g., nitrates and FD&C Yellow No. 5, or tartrazine). Food additives may cause allergic reactions and are believed by some to have a role in causing attention deficit disorder, cancer, migraines and sinusitis.

food additive

A substance added to food to maintain or impart a certain consistency, to improve or maintain nutritive value, to enhance palatability or flavor, to produce a light texture, or to control pH. Food additives are used to help bread rise during baking, to keep bread mold-free, to color margarine, to prevent discoloration of some fruits, and to prevent fats and oils from becoming rancid. The FDA regulates their use.

See also: additive

additive

1. characterized by addition.

2. a substance added to another to improve its appearance, increase its nutritive value, etc. See feed additive.

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food additive

material added to food; includes preservatives, emulsifiers, stabilizers, acids, nonstick agents, humectants, firming agents, antifoaming agents, colorings and flavorings, solvents, and even nutritive materials such as minerals and vitamins.

additive gene action

1. total contribution made by all loci to a polygenic trait.

2. when the heterozygote is intermediate in phenotype between the two homozygotes, i.e. a lack of dominance.

additive genetic relationship

the degree of relationship (number of genes held in common) between two individuals neither of which is inbred; the minimum relationship is 0 and the maximum is 1.0.

additive genetic variance

variance attributed to the mean effect of substituting one allele for another at any given loci.

intramammary infusion additive

agents, e.g. anti-inflammatories, added to improve pharmacological efficacy.

additive relationship

see additive genetic relationship (above).

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food

materials taken into the body by mouth which provide nourishment in the form of energy or in the building of tissues. Common usage is to use the term in relation to humans and dogs and cats and to use feed for the other animals but the rule is not absolute. See also diet, ration, feed.

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food additive

nonfood materials added to a diet to enhance or limit a body function, e.g. growth, to control infection or to physically alter the food to facilitate handling or processing or preserving. See food additive.

food allergy

an immune-mediated reaction to a food or food additive; clinical signs are most commonly demonstrated in the alimentary tract or skin but may affect any system and in any hypersensitivity mode. Commonly diagnosed in dogs, occasionally in horses, but rarely in the other species. Called food hypersensitivity. See also dermatitis, pruritus, angioedema, urticaria, gastroenteritis.

food anaphylaxis

an acute allergic response to a food or food additive, with systemic signs typical of anaphylaxis in the species concerned. See also systemic anaphylaxis.

food animals

animals used in the production of food for humans. Includes, in common usage, the species and breeds that also supply fiber and hides for human use. Use of this term has spawned a rash of new knowledge disciplines such as food animal medicine, food animal ophthalmology, and new service areas such as food animal practice.

food borne disease

a disease with food as the source of infection. An example is Eschericia coli 0157:H7 infection of humans via hamburger meat.

food bumps

see urticaria.

food chain

the path taken by a raw food product from the farm or other producing unit to the table of the consumer. Includes sale, transport, storage, processing, packaging and retail sale and all of the points of risk at which the food may become contaminated or spoiled or corrupted in some way.

food contaminants

include bacteria, parasites and toxic residues.

food conversion ratio

efficiency in converting the food into energy or tissue; a characteristic of the food relating largely to digestibility.

food exchanges

foods of approximately equivalent levels of energy, proteins, fats and carbohydrates, which may be exchanged or substituted in a diet without significant alteration to its nutritional balance.

generic food

see generic pet food.

food hypersensitivity

see food allergy (above).

food idiosyncrasy

an adverse reaction to ingested food by an individual, not mediated by immune mechanisms; may be due to an enzyme defect.

food intake

amount of food taken in a unit of time, usually daily.

food intolerance

an abnormal physiologic response to food which is not immune-mediated.

food legislation

the content, purity and public health connotations of animal foods are usually controlled by local legislation.

manufactured food

those commercially formulated and prepared; includes stock feeds, particularly supplements and pellets, canned and dry dog and cat foods.

food marker

inert material included in food to measure speed of passage of food through alimentary tract.

pet food

usually refers to commercially prepared food such as canned, semimoist, dry, kibbled, biscuits, loaves, and butcher's scraps in various forms provided for dogs and cats.

plant-based food

usual in livestock, but in carnivores it refers to mixed-source diets with a high plant-origin carbohydrate content; a common formula in commercially prepared pet foods.

food poisoning

a group of acute illnesses due to ingestion of a specific toxin in the food. Usually causes gastroenteritis and vomiting and diarrhea.

food refusal syndrome

observed mostly in pigs; refusal to eat a particular feed or meal but willing to eat other feeds. See also food refusal factor, deoxynivalenol, vomitoxin.

food rewards

the many types of food items owners and trainers use to reward their dogs or cats for behavior that pleases them; may be a part of training and behavior modification programs, but is often done simply as a result of the owner's affection for the pet.

food specific dynamic action

see specific dynamic action.

food toxicity

may be the result of toxins or microorganisms contaminating the food or excessive levels of a nutrient, such as vitamin A.