acetylsalicylic acid
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aspirin
[as´pĭ-rin]acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)
Pharmacologic class: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
Therapeutic class: Nonopioid analgesic, antipyretic, antiplatelet drug
Pregnancy risk category C (with full dose in third trimester: D)
Action
Reduces pain and inflammation by inhibiting prostaglandin production. Fever reduction mechanism unknown; may be linked to decrease in endogenous pyrogens in hypothalamus resulting from prostaglandin inhibition. Exerts antiplatelet effect by inhibiting synthesis of prostacyclin and thromboxane A2.
Availability
Gum (chewable): 227 mg
Suppositories: 60 mg, 120 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg, 325 mg, 600 mg, 650 mg
Tablets: 81 mg, 325 mg, 500 mg
Tablets (chewable): 81 mg
Tablets (enteric-coated, delayed-release): 81 mg, 162 mg, 325 mg, 500 mg, 650 mg, 975 mg
Tablets (extended-release): 650 mg, 800 mg
Tablets (film-coated): 325 mg, 500 mg
Indications and dosages
➣ Mild pain or fever
Adults: 325 to 500 mg P.O. q 3 hours, or 325 to 650 mg P.O. q 4 hours, or 650 to 1,000 mg P.O. q 6 hours, to a maximum dosage of 4,000 mg/day.
Extended-release tablets-650 mg to 1,300 mg q 8 hours, not to exceed 3,900 mg/day; or 800 mg q 12 hours.
Children: 10 to 15 mg/kg P.O. or P.R. q 4 hours, not to exceed total daily dosage of 3.6 g, or up to 60 to 80 mg/kg/day. See chart below.

➣ Mild to moderate pain caused by inflammation (as in rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis)
Adults: Initially, 2,400 to 3,600 mg P.O. daily in divided doses. Dosage may be increased by 325 to 1,200 mg daily at intervals of at least 1 week. Usual maintenance dosage is 3.6 to 5.4 g/day P.O. in divided doses, to a maximum dosage of 6 g/day.
➣ Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
Children: 60 to 130 mg/kg/day P.O. in children weighing 25 kg (55 lb) or less, or 2,400 to 3,600 mg P.O. daily in children weighing more than 25 kg P.O.; give in divided doses q 6 to 8 hours.
➣ Acute rheumatic fever
Adults: 5 to 8 g/day P.O. in divided doses
Children: Initially, 100 mg/kg/day P.O. in individual doses for first 2 weeks; then maintenance dosage of 75 mg/kg/day P.O. in divided doses for next 4 to 6 weeks
➣ To reduce the risk of transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) or cerebrovascular accident in men with a history of TIAs caused by emboli
Adults: 650 mg P.O. b.i.d. or 325 mg P.O. q.i.d.
➣ To reduce the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) in patients with a history of MI or unstable angina
Adults: 75 to 325 mg/day P.O.
➣ Kawasaki disease
Children: Initially during acute febrile period, 80 to 180 mg/kg/day P.O. in four divided doses. Maintenance dosage is 3 to 10 mg/kg/day given as a single dose for up to 8 weeks or until platelet count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate return to normal.
➣ Thromboembolic disorders
Adults: 325 to 650 mg P.O. once or twice daily
Contraindications
• Hypersensitivity to salicylates, other NSAIDs, or tartrazine
• Renal impairment
• Severe hepatic impairment
• Hemorrhagic states or blood coagulation defects
• Vitamin K deficiency caused by dehydration
• Concurrent anticoagulant use
• Pregnancy (third trimester) or breastfeeding
Precautions
Use with extreme caution, if at all, in:
• hepatic disorders, anemia, asthma, gastritis, Hodgkin's disease
• heart failure or other conditions in which high sodium content is harmful (buffered aspirin)
• patients receiving other salicylates or NSAIDs concurrently
• elderly patients
• children and adolescents.
Administration
☞ Never administer to child or adolescent who has signs or symptoms of chickenpox or flulike illness.
☞ Don't give within 6 weeks after administration of live varicella virus vaccine, because of risk of Reye's syndrome.
• Give with food or large amounts of water or milk to minimize GI irritation.
• Know that extended-release and enteric-coated forms are best for long-term therapy.
• Be aware that aspirin should be discontinued at least 1 week before surgery because it may inhibit platelet aggregation.

Adverse reactions
EENT: hearing loss, tinnitus, ototoxicity
GI: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, epigastric distress, heartburn, anorexia, GI bleeding
Hematologic: thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, leukopenia, agranulocytosis, shortened red blood cell life span
Hepatic: hepatotoxicity
Metabolic: hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypoglycemia
Respiratory: wheezing, hyperpnea, pulmonary edema with toxicity
Skin: rash, urticaria, bruising, angioedema
Other: hypersensitivity reactions, salicylism or acute toxicity
Interactions
Drug-drug. Acidifying drugs (such as ammonium chloride): increased salicylate blood level
Activated charcoal: decreased salicylate absorption
Alkalinizing drugs (such as antacids): decreased salicylate blood level Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors: decreased antihypertensive effect
Anticoagulants, NSAIDs, thrombolytics: increased bleeding risk
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (such as acetazolamide): salicylism
Corticosteroids: increased salicylate excretion and decreased blood level Furosemide: increased diuretic effect Live varicella virus vaccine: increased risk of Reye's syndrome
Methotrexate: decreased methotrexate excretion and increased blood level, causing greater risk of toxicity Nizatidine: increased salicylate blood level
Spironolactone: decreased spironolactone effect
Sulfonylureas (such as chlorpropamide, tolbutamide): enhanced sulfonylurea effects
Tetracycline (oral): decreased absorption of tetracycline (with buffered aspirin)
Drug-diagnostic tests. Alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, amylase, aspartate aminotransferase, coagulation studies, PaCO2, uric acid: increased values
Cholesterol, glucose, potassium, protein-bound iodine, sodium, thyroxine, tri-iodothyronine: decreased levels
Pregnancy test, protirelin-induced thyroid stimulating hormone, radionuclide thyroid imaging, serum theophylline (Schack and Waxler method), urine catecholamines, urine glucose, urine hydroxyindoleacetic acid, urine ketones (ferric chloride method), urine vanillylmandelic acid: test interference
Tests using phenosulfonphthalein as diagnostic agent: decreased urinary excretion of phenosulfonphthalein Urine protein: increased level
Drug-food. Urine-acidifying foods: increased salicylate blood level
Drug-herbs. Anise, arnica, cayenne, chamomile, clove, fenugreek, feverfew, garlic, ginger, ginkgo biloba, ginseng, horse chestnut, kelpware, licorice: increased bleeding risk
Drug-behaviors. Alcohol use: increased bleeding risk
Patient monitoring
☞ Watch for signs and symptoms of hypersensitivity and other adverse reactions, especially bleeding tendency.
• Stay alert for signs and symptoms of acute toxicity, such as diplopia, ECG abnormalities, generalized seizures, hallucinations, hyperthermia, oliguria, acute renal failure, incoherent speech, irritability, restlessness, tremor, vertigo, confusion, disorientation, mania, lethargy, laryngeal edema, anaphylaxis, and coma.
• Monitor elderly patients carefully because they're at greater risk for salicylate toxicity.
• With prolonged therapy, frequently assess hemoglobin, hematocrit, International Normalized Ratio, and kidney function test results.
• Check salicylate blood levels frequently.
• Evaluate patient for signs and symptoms of ototoxicity (hearing loss, tinnitus, ataxia, and vertigo).
Patient teaching
• Tell patient to report ototoxicity symptoms, unusual bleeding, and bruising.
• Caution patient to avoid activities that may cause injury. Advise him to use soft toothbrush and electric razor to avoid gum and skin injury.
• Instruct patient to tell all prescribers he's taking the drug, because it may cause serious interactions with many common medications.
• Tell patient not to take other over-the-counter preparations containing aspirin.
• Inform patient that he may need to undergo regular blood testing during therapy.
• As appropriate, review all other significant and life-threatening adverse reactions and interactions, especially those related to the drugs, tests, foods, herbs, and behaviors mentioned above.
as·pi·rin
(as'pi-rin),acetylsalicylic acid
(ə-sēt′l-săl′ĭ-sĭl′ĭk)acetylsalicylic acid
Aspirin Therapeutics An odorless, white, bitter drug which is water and alcohol-soluble and melts at 132-136ºC used to ↓ pain, fever, inflammation, and to prevent blood clotting Toxicology Gastritis, GI bleeding, children taking aspirin during viral infections are at risk for Reye syndrome. See Reye syndrome.a·ce·tyl·sal·i·cyl·ic ac·id
(as'ĕ-til-sal-i-sil'ik as'id)acid
(as'id) [L. acidus, sour]acetic acid
acetoacetic acid
acetylacetic acid
See: acetoacetic acidacetylsalicylic acid
Abbreviation: ASAAspirin (1).
acrylic acid
adenylic acid
Adenosine monophosphate.alpha-hydroxy acid
Abbreviation: AHAalpha-linolenic acid
alpha-lipoic acid
amino acid
See: amino acidaminoacetic acid
Glycine.aminobenzoic acid
Para-aminobenzoic acid.aminocaproic acid
aminoglutaric acid
Glutamic acid.aminosalicylic acid
Para-aminosalicylic acid.aminosuccinic acid
Aspartic acid.arachidonic acid
argininosuccinic acid
aristolochic acid
CAUTION!
The acid is a known carcinogen, and its use has been associated with and may cause end-stage renal disease and cancers of the urinary tract that may occur many years after usage has stopped.ascorbic acid
Vitamin C.aspartic acid
barbituric acid
benzoic acid
bile acid
binary acid
boric acid
CAUTION!
Boric acid is toxic and should be used only rarely. It is particularly dangerous because it can be accidentally swallowed by children or used in food because of its resemblance to sugar.butyric acid
carbolic acid
Phenol (1).carbonic acid
carboxylic acid
cell-free fetal nucleic acid
Free fetal nucleic acid.cholic acid
cinnamic acid
citric acid
conjugated linoleic acid
Abbreviation: CLAcysteic acid
deoxycholic acid
deoxyribonucleic acid
, desoxyribonucleic acid See: DNAdiacetic acid
Acetoacetic acid.2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
2,4-D.p-dichlorosulfamoyl benzoicacid
Halazone.4,8-dihydroxyquinaldic acid
Xanthurenic acid.docosahexaenoic acid
, docosahexanoic Abbreviation: DHAdomoic acid
eicosapentaenoic acid
Abbreviation: EPAendogenous uric acid
essential fatty acid
Abbreviation: EFAethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
Abbreviation: EDTAexogenous uric acid
fatty acid
Fatty acids are insoluble in water. This insolubility would prevent their being absorbed from the intestines, but the action of bile salts on the fatty acids enable thems to be absorbed. Fatty acids include acetic, butyric, capric, caproic, caprylic, formic, lauric, myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids. Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double or triple bonds in the carbon chain. They include those of the oleic series (oleic, tiglic, hypogeic, and palmitoleic) and the linoleic or linolic series (linoleic, linolenic, clupanodonic, arachidonic, hydrocarpic, and chaulmoogric). See: fat
folic acid
CAUTION!
Folic acid should not be used to treat pernicious anemia (a vitamin B12 deficiency) because it does not protect patients against the development of changes in the central nervous system that accompany this type of anemia.folinic acid
formic acid
formiminoglutamic acid
free fatty acid
Abbreviation: FFAfree fetal nucleic acid
Abbreviation: ffNAfumaric acid
fuming nitric acid
gadolinium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid
Abbreviation: Gd-DTPACAUTION!
Contrast agents containing gadolinium should not be given to patients with diminished renal function.gallic acid
gamma-aminobutyric acid
Abbreviation: GABAgamma-linolenic acid
Abbreviation: GLAglucuronic acid
glutamic acid
glyceric acid
glycocholic acid
glycolic acid
glyoxylic acid
hippuric acid
guanidoacetic acid
hexafluorosilicic acid
Silicofluoride.homogentisic acid
hyaluronic acid
Abbreviation: HAhydriodic acid
hydrochloric acid
CAS# 7647-01-0
hydrocyanic acid
hydrofluoric acid
CAUTION!
Exposure to the skin and aerodigestive tract causes severe burns with local necrosis and systemic manifestations resulting from disordered calcium and potassium metabolism. Treatments with calcium gluconate can be beneficial.hydrosulfuric acid
Hydrogen sulfide.hydroxy acid
hydroxy-iminodiacetic acid
Abbreviation: HIDAhydroxybutyric acid
hydroxycitric acid
hypochlorous acid
imino acid
inorganic acid
iocetamic acid
iopanoic acid
keto acid
lactic acid
levulinic acid
lignoceric acid
linoleic acid
linolenic acid
lithic acid
lysergic acid
lysophosphatidic acid
Abbreviation: LPAmalic acid
malonic acid
mandelic acid
mineral acid
Inorganic acid.methacrylic acid
monounsaturated fatty acid
muriatic acid
n-3 fatty acid
Omega-3 fatty acid.n-6 fatty acid
Omega-6 fatty acid.nicotinic acid
Niacin.nitric acid
nitrous acid
nonvolatile acid
nucleic acid
octadecanoic acid
Stearic acid.okadaic acid
oleic acid
omega-3 fatty acid
, ?-3 fatty acidomega-6 fatty acid
, ?-6 fatty acidomega-9 fatty acid
, ?-9 fatty acidorganic acid
orotic acid
osmic acid
Osmium tetroxide.oxalic acid
oxaloacetic acid
, oxalacetic acidpalmitic acid
pantothenic acid
para-aminobenzoic acid
Abbreviation: PABApara-aminohippuric acid
Abbreviation: PAH, PAHApara-aminosalicylic acid
Abbreviation: PAS, PASApectic acid
pentanoic acid
Valeric acid.peptide nucleic acid
Abbreviation: PNAperchloric acid
phenylglycolic acid
Mandelic acid.phosphoric acid
phosphorous acid
phytic acid
picric acid
poly DL lactic acid
Polyglactin.polyglycolic acid
polylactic acid
Polylactide.propionic acid
4-pyridoxic acid
pyruvic acid
quinic acid
retinoic acid
ribonucleic acid
See: RNAricinoleic acid
salicylic acid
salicyluric acid
saturated fatty acid
silicic acid
stearic acid
succinic acid
sulfonic acid
sulfosalicylic acid
sulfuric acid
sulfurous acid
tannic acid
tartaric acid
taurocholic acid
teichoic acid
tranexamic acid
trans-fatty acid
trichloroacetic acid
Abbreviation: TCA2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid
2,4,5-T.unsaturated fatty acid
uric acid
Output
Uric acid must be excreted because it cannot be metabolized. Uric acid output should be between 0.8 and 1g/day if the patient is on an ordinary diet.
Increased elimination is observed after ingestion of proteins and nitrogenous foods, after exercise, after administration of cytotoxic agents, and in gout and leukemia. Decreased elimination is observed in kidney failure, lead poisoning, and in those who eat a protein-free diet.
valeric acid
valproic acid
Abbreviation: VPAvanillylmandelic acid
, vanilmandelic acid Abbreviation: VMAvolatile acid
xanthurenic acid
acetylsalicylic acid
The common analgesic and antiprostaglandin drug Aspirin.aspirin
oracetylsalicylic acid
an analgesic that relieves pain without loss of consciousness.Acetylsalicylic acid
as·pi·rin
(as'pir-in)Synonym(s): acetylsalicylic acid.
Patient discussion about acetylsalicylic acid
Q. Is it safe to take aspirin during pregnancy? I have been having headaches and want to take an aspirin to relieve the pain however I am pregnant. Can I take aspirin whilst pregnant?
just one is safe and willl lessen headache pain.