vesicular emphysema

emphysema /em·phy·se·ma/ (em″fĭ-se´mah)

1. a pathologic accumulation of air in tissues or organs.

2. pulmonary e.emphysem´atous

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atrophic emphysema  senile e.

bullous emphysema  single or multiple large cystic alveolar dilatations of lung tissue.

centriacinar emphysema , centrilobular emphysema focal dilatations of respiratory bronchioles rather than alveoli, throughout the lung among normal lung tissue.

congenital lobar emphysema  overinflation of a lung, usually in early life in one of the upper lobes, with respiratory distress.

hypoplastic emphysema  pulmonary emphysema due to a developmental anomaly, with fewer and abnormally large alveoli.

infantile lobar emphysema  congenital lobar e.

interlobular emphysema  air in the septa between lung lobules.

interstitial emphysema  air in the peribronchial and interstitial tissues of the lungs.

intestinal emphysema  pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis.

mediastinal emphysema  pneumomediastinum.

obstructive emphysema  that associated with partial bronchial obstruction that interferes with exhalation.

panacinar emphysema , panlobular emphysema a type characterized by enlargement of air spaces throughout the acini.

pulmonary emphysema  abnormal increase in size of lung air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles.

pulmonary interstitial emphysema  (PIE) a condition seen mostly in premature infants, in which air leaks from lung alveoli into interstitial spaces, often because of underlying lung disease or use of mechanical ventilation.

senile emphysema  overdistention and stretching of lung tissues due to atrophic changes.

subcutaneous emphysema  air or gas in subcutaneous tissues, usually caused by intrathoracic injury.

surgical emphysema  subcutaneous emphysema following surgery.

vesicular emphysema  panacinar e.

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vesicular emphysema.

See panacinar emphysema.

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emphysema

a pathological accumulation of air in tissues. The air may derive from a skin laceration and be drawn in by the movements of muscles. A discontinuity of the tracheal mucosa is a common cause, either by way of laceration or ulceration. Extension from a pulmonary lesion is also common. The syndrome resulting depends on the location of the air. See also pulmonary emphysema and subcutaneous emphysema (below).

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acute bovine pulmonary emphysema

see atypical interstitial pneumonia.

alveolar emphysema

see pulmonary emphysema (below).

bullous emphysema

emphysema in which bullae form in areas of lung tissue so that these areas do not contribute to respiration.

conjunctival emphysema

may occur after head trauma which permits escape of air from the paranasal sinuses.

fetal emphysema

see emphysematous/putrescent fetus.

generalized emphysema

widespread distribution of air, including subcutaneous tissues, seen with pneumomediastinum.

hypoplastic emphysema

pulmonary emphysema due to a developmental abnormality, resulting in a reduced number of alveoli, which are abnormally large.

interlobular emphysema

accumulation of air in the septa between lobules of the lungs.

interstitial emphysema

presence of air in the peribronchial and interstitial tissues of the lungs.

intestinal emphysema

a condition marked by accumulation of gas under the tunica serosa of the intestine.

lobar emphysema

emphysema involving less than all the lobes of the affected lung.

mediastinal emphysema

see pneumomediastinum.

orbital emphysema

may occur after trauma to the head which permits escape of air from the paranasal sinuses; appears as swelling with crepitus under the conjunctiva or periocular skin.

panacinar emphysema, panlobular emphysema

generalized obstructive emphysema affecting all lung segments, with atrophy and dilatation of the alveoli and destruction of the vascular bed.

pulmonary emphysema

distention of the lung caused by overdistention of alveoli and rupture of alveolar walls (alveolar emphysema) and in some cases escape of air into the interstitial spaces (interstitial emphysema). It is a common pathological finding in many diseases of the lung in all species, but also occurs independently, especially in horses, as a principal lesion in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It is also a prominent lesion in bovine atypical interstitial pneumonia. It is always secondary to a primary lesion which effectively traps an excessive amount of air in the alveoli. It is characterized clinically by cough, dyspnea, forced expiratory effort and poor work tolerance. A double expiratory effort is a characteristic sign—hence broken wind.

subconjunctival emphysema

occurs with fractures involving the paranasal sinuses.

subcutaneous emphysema

air or gas in the subcutaneous tissues. The characteristic lesion is a soft, mobile swelling which crackles like stiff paper when palpated. There is no pain, nor heat and no ill effects unless the pharyngeal area is sufficiently involved to cause asphyxia.

surgical emphysema

subcutaneous emphysema following operation.

unilateral emphysema

emphysema affecting only one lung, frequently due to congenital defects in circulation.

vesicular emphysema

see panacinar emphysema (above).

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vesicular

1. composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies.

2. pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin.

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avian vesicular dermatitis

vesicles on the skin of the feet and toes and occasionally on the head, on all birds; caused usually by photosensitization.

vesicular disease

a group of diseases of cloven-footed animals of major importance because of their high infectivity. See foot-and-mouth disease, vesicular stomatitis and vesicular exanthema of swine (below), swine vesicular disease, poisoning by the mushroom amanita.

vesicular emphysema

see alveolar emphysema.

vesicular exanthema of swine

an acute febrile disease caused by a calicivirus, genus Vesivirus. The clinical syndrome is one of vesicular stomatitis, with lesions occurring also on the coronets. The disease only ever appeared in the USA and was eradicated from that country in 1959.

vesicular gland

an accessory sex gland in ruminants, the counterpart of the seminal vesicle in the stallion but glandular instead of cystic. Consists of a much-coiled tube that exits at the seminal colliculus in the urethra.

vesicular murmur, vesicular sounds

the soft, sibilant sounds heard by stethoscopic auscultation over the lung parenchyma. They are caused by air moving in and out of the alveoli and terminal bronchioles and are an expression of normality of the lung tissue. Called also vesicular murmur.

porcine idiopathic vesicular disease

see porcine parvovirus.

vesicular stomatitis (VS)

an infectious disease of horses, cattle and pigs caused by a vesiculovirus transmitted by mosquitoes and biting flies. The clinical syndrome is one of vesicular stomatitis but lesions can occur on the udder and coronets.

Ruptured vesicles on the oral mucosa of a calf with vesicular stomatitis infection. By permission from Blowey RW, Weaver AD, Diseases and Disorders of Cattle, Mosby, 1997

swine vesicular disease

see swine vesicular disease.

vesicular vaginitis

see infectious pustular vulvovaginitis.

vesicular venereal disease

see infectious pustular vulvovaginitis.