urine protein

urine protein.

See urinary albumin.

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protein

any large organic compound made from one or more polypeptides, which are chains of amino acids joined in a genetically determined order by peptide linkages between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of the next. They contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen and usually sulfur, occasionally phosphorus.

Proteins form a large and essential part of the body mass, comprising especially cell membranes, connective tissue, muscles, enzymes, hormones, blood proteins. To maintain this mass the diet must contain a high proportion of protein, especially in growing animals and those recovering from debilitating diseases.

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protein A

a surface protein of Staphylococus aureus which binds to the Fc region of some IgG molecules. Fluorochrome-labeled protein A is used in an indirect immunofluorescence test for detecting bound immunoglobulins.

authentic protein

a recombinant protein with all its naturally occurring properties.

available protein

the portion of dietary protein that can be used by the animal.

protein binding

a property of many drugs which limits their distribution and availability in the blood, as well as affecting elimination from the body.

protein bumps

see bumps.

protein C

a circulating vitamin K-dependent protein with anticoagulant effects. Promotes fibrinolysis.

protein-calories

calories derived from proteins in the diet.

protein calorie malnutrition

inadequate protein in the diet leads to impaired cell-mediated immunity, delayed wound healing and loss of lean body mass.

protein-calorie ratio

the number of calories provided from protein sources, compared with the total caloric intake; an indication of the level of protein intake.

carrier protein

one which, when coupled to a hapten, renders it capable of eliciting an immune response.

complete protein

one containing the essential amino acids in the proportion required in the diet.

protein concentrates

feeds containing a high concentration of protein, e.g. legume grains and forages, meat meal, fish meal, oil cakes, milling residues including bran, shorts, middlings, brewer's grains.

conjugated p's

those in which the protein molecule is united with nonprotein molecules or prosthetic groups, e.g. glycoproteins, lipoproteins and metalloproteins.

protein-creatinine ratio

in urine is valuable in correcting for variation in urine contents due to variable dilutions.

crude protein

the total nitrogen content of a feed multiplied by 6.25. Includes several obvious errors but is still a close approximation of the protein content.

dietary protein

is usually the most expensive part of the diet, except for animals at pasture, and the constituent most likely to be deficient. An excess of protein in the diet in ruminants can cause a sharp rise in alkalinity, due to the release of ammonia, of the ruminal contents causing ruminal atony and indigestion.

digestible protein

the crude protein ingested less the protein excreted in the feces. The estimation requires a digestibility trial involving animals.

protein equivalent

said of a feed. The total nitrogen content expressed as protein if it were all in that form. That is the percentage nitrogen in the feed multiplied by the average percentage of nitrogen in plant protein (6.25%).

protein excretion t

one that uses ⁵¹Cr-labeled protein which measures protein excretion in the feces in cases of protein-losing enteropathy.

protein-fibrinogen ratio

see plasma protein:fibrinogen ratio.

fibrous p's

characterized by shape, structure and low water solubility; they have a structural role. Examples are collagen, keratin and tropomyosin.

fusion protein

in recombinant DNA technology when a foreign gene is inserted into a plasmid vector to interrupt a gene, such as lacZ, the mRNA transcript of the recombinant plasmid contains the lacZ Shine-Dalgarno sequence and codons for the 3′ end of the lacZ gene protein followed by the codons of the foreign gene; the protein expressed is a fusion protein containing a few N-terminal lacZ amino acids and the contiguous foreign protein.

protein hydrolysates

pharmaceutical preparations used in the treatment of severe, acute protein loss. Available for use orally or parenterally. They are partly digested proteins and contain a mixture of polypeptides, amino acids and other breakdown products.

protein microarray

an ordered set of small samples of proteins immobilized on a microscope slide or other solid surface that is used to determine protein-protein interactions.

myeloma protein

see multiple myeloma.

protein nutritional deficiency

causes lack of muscle development, and slow growth rate and maturation. In adults there is a low milk production and poor weight gain. In severe states tissue and blood levels fall, hypoproteinemic edema may occur, and a degree of immunosuppression could be expected.

partial protein

one having a ratio of essential amino acids different from that of the average body protein.

peripheral protein

any protein located in the membrane but not essential to the reconstitution of that protein.

plasma p's

all the proteins present in the blood plasma, including the immunoglobulins. See plasma protein.

polyhedrin matrix protein

a protein that comprises the major component of occlusion bodies produced by nuclear polyhedrosis virus and cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus; the strong polyhedrin promoter is utilized in the expression of recombinant proteins in baculovirus expression systems.

rec A protein

an enzyme that binds to DNA and plays an important role in genetic recombination.

protein S

a circulating vitamin K-dependent protein with anticoagulant effects.

serum protein

proteins in the blood serum, including immunoglobulins, albumin, complement, coagulation factors and enzymes.

protein shock

anaphylaxis occurring after the intravenous injection of protein.

protein-sparing

in times of energy deficiency the animal body may raid protein stores for glucogenic amino acids, thus depleting body stores of proteins. Substances such as acetic acid which can fill the energy deficiency and avoid the protein loss are known as protein-sparing.

protein supplements

feeds which contain more than 20% protein.

urine protein

see proteinuria.

viral protein

proteins encoded by the viral genome.

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urine

the fluid containing water and waste products which are secreted by the kidneys, stored in the bladder and discharged by way of the urethra. See also urinary.

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urine albumin

see albuminuria.

urine alkalinization

increasing the pH of urine by the administration of alkalinizing agents such as sodium bicarbonate; used to increase the solubility of cystine in the management of cystine urolithiasis in dogs.

blood in urine

see hematuria.

urine burn

see urine scald (below).

urine calculi

see urolith, urolithiasis.

urine casts

see urinary casts.

urine cells

see urine sediment (below).

urine chromogens

see chromogen.

urine concentration test

see water deprivation test.

urine creatine

see creatinuria.

urine crystals

see crystalluria.

urine drinking

in farm animals is observed in nutritional deficiency of sodium chloride.

urine flow

the rate of flow may be reduced—oliguria, absent—anuria, or increased—polyuria.

urine flowmetry

measure of urine flow rates.

urine glucose

see glucosuria.

urine hemoglobin

see hemoglobinuria.

urine immunoglobulins

may be found in small amounts in normal animals. Increased amounts occur in renal disease due to disruption of glomeruli and defects in tubular reabsorption.

urine indican

see indicanuria.

urine ketones

see ketonuria.

urine marking

see spraying.

metastable urine

calcium oxalate crystals are maintained and can enlarge in urine oversaturated with these minerals.

urine methemoglobin

see methemoglobinuria.

urine myoglobin

see myoglobinuria.

urine osmolality

a measure of the number of dissolved particles per unit of water in urine. See also osmolality.

oversaturated urine

calcium and oxalate crystals will spontaneously precipitate, grow and aggregate.

urine peritonitis

caused by the presence of urine in the peritoneal cavity as in rupture of the bladder.

urine pH

the normal range varies with the animal species. Herbivores have a higher pH than carnivores because of differences in the diet. Alterations occur with changes in acid-base balance and infection in the urinary tract.

urine protein

see proteinuria.

pus in urine

see pyuria.

red urine

see hematuria, hemoglobinuria.

residual urine

urine remaining in the bladder after urination; seen in bladder outlet obstruction (as by prostatic hypertrophy) and disorders affecting nerves controlling bladder function.

urine sample collection

midstream collection is standard; for culture the sample should be collected by catheter or suprapubic, percutaneous needle insertion into the bladder.

urine scald

scalding of the perineal area, and sometimes the hindlegs, by urine. It may be the result of urinary incontinence or the animal's inability to assume normal posture when urinating, i.e. paresis or paralysis of the hindlimbs. In rabbits it is caused by poor cage accommodation and frequent wetting of the area with urine. Secondary infection of the dermatitis is common.

urine sediment

a centrifuged deposit suitable for microscopic examination for the presence of cells, casts, bacteria, crystals, etc.

urine specific gravity

see specific gravity.

subcutaneous urine aggregation

urine leaking from a damaged urethra collects in a subcutaneous site.