sodium (redirected from sodium-potassium channels)

sodium /so·di·um/ (so´de-um) a chemical element, at. no. 11, symbol Na; the chief cation of extracellular body fluids. For sodium salts not listed here, see under the acid or the active ingredient.

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sodium acetate  a source of sodium ions for hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis, also a systemic and urinary alkalizer.

sodium ascorbate  an antiscorbutic vitamin and nutritional supplement; also used as an aid to deferoxamine therapy in the treatment of chronic iron toxicity.

sodium benzoate  an antifungal agent also used in a test of liver function.

sodium bicarbonate  the monosodium salt of carbonic acid, used as a gastric and systemic anatacid and to alkalize urine; also used, in solution, for washing the nose, mouth, and vagina, as a cleansing enema, and as a dressing for minor burns.

sodium biphosphate  monobasic s. phosphate.

sodium borate  the sodium salt of boric acid, used as an alkalizing agent in pharmaceuticals.

sodium carbonate  the disodium salt of carbonic acid, used as an alkalizing agent in pharmaceuticals.

sodium chloride  common table salt, a necessary constituent of the body and therefore of the diet, involved in maintaining osmotic tension of blood and tissues; uses include replenishment of electrolytes in the body, irrigation of wounds and body cavities, enema, inhaled mucolytic, topical osmotic ophthalmic agent, and preparation of pharmaceuticals.

sodium chromate Cr 51  the disodium salt of chromic acid prepared using the radioactive isotope chromium 51; used to tag erythrocytes or platelets for studies of red cell disease, gastrointestinal bleeding, and platelet survival.

sodium citrate  the trisodium salt of citric acid, used as an anticoagulant for blood or plasma for transfusion; also used as a urinary alkalizer.

dibasic sodium phosphate  an electrolyte replenisher, laxative, urinary acidifier, and antiurolithic, often used in combination with other phosphate compounds. Labeled with radiophosphorus (s. phosphate P 32), it is used as an antineoplastic in the treatment of polycythemia vera, chronic lymphocytic or myelocytic leukemia, and metastatic bone lesions.

sodium dodecyl sulfate  (SDS) the more usual name for sodium lauryl sulfate when used as an anionic detergent to solubilize proteins.

sodium fluoride  a dental caries prophylactic, NaF; used in the fluoridation of water and applied topically to the teeth.

sodium glutamate  monosodium glutamate.

sodium hydroxide  NaOH, a strongly alkaline and caustic compound; used as an alkalizing agent in pharmaceuticals.

sodium hypochlorite  the sodium salt of hypochlorous acid, NaClO, having germicidal and disinfectant properties.

sodium hyposulfite  s. thiosulfate.

sodium iodide  a binary haloid, used as a source of iodine. Labeled with radioactive iodine, it is used in thyroid function tests and thyroid imaging and to treat hyperthyroidism and thyroid carcinoma.

sodium lactate  the sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid, used as a fluid and electrolyte replenisher to combat acidosis.

monobasic sodium phosphate  the monohydrate, dihydrate, or anhydrous monosodium salt of phosphoric acid; used in buffer solutions. Used alone or in combination with other phosphate compounds, given intravenously as an electrolyte replenisher, orally or rectally as a laxative, and orally as a urinary acidifier and as an antiurolithic.

sodium monofluorophosphate  a dental caries prophylactic applied topically to the teeth.

sodium nitrite  an antidote for cyanide poisoning; also used as a preservative in cured meats and other foods.

sodium nitroprusside  an antihypertensive used in the treatment of acute congestive heart failure and of hypertensive crisis and to produce controlled hypotension during surgery; also used as a reagent.

sodium phenylbutyrate  an antihyperammonemic agent used as adjunctive treatment to control the hyperammonemia of urea cycle enzyme disorders.

sodium phosphate  any of various compounds of sodium and phosphoric acid; usually specifically dibasic s. phosphate.

sodium polystyrene sulfonate  a cation exchange resin used as an antihyperkalemic.

sodium propionate  the sodium salt of propionic acid, having antifungal properties; used as a topical antifungal; also used as a preservative.

sodium salicylate  see salicylate.

sodium sulfate  an osmotic laxative.

sodium tetradecyl sulfate  an anionic surfactant with sclerosing properties; used as a wetting agent and in the treatment of varicose veins.

sodium thiosulfate  a compound used as an antidote (with s. nitrite) to cyanide poisoning, in the prophylaxis of ringworm (added to foot baths), topically in tinea versicolor, and in some tests of renal function.

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so·di·um (sd-m)

n. Symbol Na

A soft, light, highly reactive metallic element that is naturally abundant, especially in common salt. Atomic number 11.

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sodium (Na)

[sō′dē·əm]

Etymology: soda + L, ium (coined by Sir Humphry Davy, English chemist, 1778-1829)

a soft grayish metal of the alkaline metals group. Its atomic number is 11 and its atomic mass is 22.99. Sodium is one of the most important elements in the body. Sodium ions are involved in acid-base balance, water balance, transmission of nerve impulses, and contraction of muscles. The recommended daily intake of sodium is 250 to 750 mg for infants 6 months to 1 year of age, 900 to 2700 mg for children 11 years of age or older, and 1100 to 3300 mg for adults. Sodium is an important component of more than 8 L of secretions produced by the body every day. These secretions include saliva, gastric and intestinal secretions, bile, and pancreatic fluid. The total daily secretion of sodium into these alimentary tract fluids averages between 1200 and 1400 mEq. A 154-pound adult has a total body pool of 2800 to 3000 mEq. It is also linked to chlorine, which is the most important extracellular anion in the body. Sodium is the chief electrolyte in interstitial fluid, and its interaction with potassium as the main intracellular electrolyte is critical to survival. A decrease in the sodium concentration of the interstitial fluid immediately decreases osmotic pressure, making it hypotonic to intracellular fluid osmotic pressure. The kidney is the chief regulator of sodium levels in body fluids and will excrete sodium-free urine when the body needs to conserve sodium. In high temperatures, such as those associated with fever, the body loses sodium through sweat, and sodium reserves are further diluted with additional water drunk by the affected individual. To prevent serious complications, depleted sodium must be replaced. Sodium salts, such as sodium bicarbonate, are widely used in medications. Sodium bicarbonate has an immediate and rapid antacid action on the stomach, but any excess rapidly enters the intestine so that the substance has a shorter action than that of other antacids. Sodium bicarbonate, which is very effective in rendering the urine alkaline, is an ingredient in many solutions used as douches, mouthwashes, and enemas. Sodium is also important in the transport of sodium and potassium ions through the cytoplasmic membrane.

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sodium,

n an element/mineral that acts as an electrolyte and functions in nerve signal transmission, blood pressure regulation, cell function, and maintenance of pH balance. Side-effects of sodium deficiency include cramps, lethargy, nausea, and weakness. Dietary sources include fruits; vegetables (particularly sea vegetables and celery); processed foods; and, of course, table salt.

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sodium (Na) (sō´dēm),

n a soft, grayish metal of the alkaline metals group. Its atomic number is 11, and its atomic weight is 22.9898. Sodium is one of the most important elements in the body. Sodium ions are involved in acid-base balance, water balance, the transmission of nerve impulses, and the contraction of muscle. The recommended daily intake of sodium is 250 to 750 mg for infants, 900 to 2700 mg for children, and 1100 to 3300 mg for adults.

sodium aluminum fluoride

n See cryolite.

sodium bicarbonate,

n an antacid, electrolyte, and urinary alkalinizing agent.

sodium chloride,

n common table salt.

sodium fluoride (NaF),

n a white, odorless powder used in 2% aqueous solution and applied topically to teeth as a caries-preventing agent; used as 33% NaF in kaolin and glycerin as a desensitizing agent for hypersensitive dentin. In drinking water, one part per million of NaF is used as a caries-prophylactic substance.

sodium fluoride poisoning,

n a chronic condition of fluorine poisoning that occurs in some communities where the fluorine concentration in the water supply exceeds one part per million. Signs of the condition include mottling of the tooth enamel and severe osteosclerosis.

sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl),

n a popular chemical disinfectant made of a chlorine compound and usually combined with distilled water for enhanced stability. NaOCl is often used to clean dentures if they have no metal parts and to disinfect and decontaminate water lines. It is corrosive and toxic when applied directly to the skin. The chemical name for household bleach.

sodium iodide,

n an iodine supplement to the diet, usually an additive to common table salt.

sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS)

n a surface-active substance used as an emulsifier, a detergent, or a wetting agent in most cosmetic products; toothpaste with sodium lauryl sulfate has a possible link to oral mucosal inflammation.

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sodium

a chemical element, atomic number 11, atomic weight 22.990, symbol Na. See Table 6. Sodium is the major cation of the extracellular fluid (ECF), constituting 90 to 95% of all cations in the blood plasma and interstitial fluid; it thus determines the osmolality of the ECF.

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sodium acetate

a systemic and urinary alkalizer.

sodium acetylsalicylate

aspirin.

sodium acid phosphate, sodium biphosphate

used as a dietary supplement of phosphorus for ruminants when only phosphorus is required and in small animals as a urinary acidifier.

sodium aminoarsonate

used as a feed additive to chickens and may cause arsenic poisoning if the dose rate is exceeded.

sodium antimony gluconate, sodium stibogluconate

a pentavalent antimonial used in the treatment of leishmaniasis.

sodium arsanilate

used as a feed additive in the treatment of swine dysentery and in poultry and causes arsenic poisoning when dose rates are excessive.

sodium arsenite

used as a topical acaricide. See inorganic arsenic poisoning.

sodium arsenate

like the arsenite, a toxic compound used as an acaricide. Less toxic and less effective than the arsenite. See also inorganic arsenic poisoning.

sodium ascorbate

a form of ascorbic acid; vitamin C.

sodium azide

used in weed control and the prevention of rot in fruit; used in serum samples to prevent bacterial overgrowth.

sodium bentonite

see bentonite.

sodium benzoate

used topically as an antifungal agent in companion animals, with caffeine as a CNS stimulant and as a diagnostic aid in a liver function test.

sodium bicarbonate

a white powder found in most households in the form of baking soda; called also bicarbonate of soda. Used as a gastric antacid and as a systemic and urinary alkalinizer. See also milk shake. Used locally to remove mucus and to remove exudates and scabs.

sodium cacodylate

an organic compound yielding trivalent inorganic arsenic on metabolism in the body, similar in effects and toxicity to arsenic trioxide. Formerly used as a systemic treatment for chronic skin disease and capable of causing arsenic poisoning if used to excess.

sodium-calcium channels

see channel.

sodium carbonate

Na₂CO₃⋅H₂O, used as an alkalizing agent in pharmaceuticals, and has been used as a lotion or bath in the treatment of scaly skin, and as a detergent in companion animals.

sodium channels

see channel.

sodium chlorate

an oldfashioned herbicide which is quite palatable to farm animals and toxic in moderate amounts. Large doses cause abdominal pain, staggering and purging. Lower doses cause methemoglobinemia and dyspnea.

sodium chloride

salt; a necessary constituent of the body and therefore of the diet; sometimes used parenterally in solution to replenish electrolytes in the body.

sodium chloride nutritional deficiency

not a common occurrence but is seen in grazing animals on sodium deficient pastures, where heavy potash fertilizer has been applied in animals that are milking heavily, growing rapidly or losing a lot of sweat. Signs include pica, e.g. drinking urine, polydipsia, polyuria and decrease in appetite, milk yield, body weight, and urinary sodium and chloride.

sodium chloride poisoning (salt poisoning)

can occur via the diet due to accidental inclusion of too much salt; is usually too unpalatable. Most common is drinking of natural saline water from bore or deep well. Causes gastroenteritis, diarrhea and dehydration most noticeable in lactating animals. Animals are restless and play with water, looking for fresh water. Water contains also magnesium, sulfate and carbonate ions. If water intake restricted and salt intake normal a relative poisoning occurs. If combined with water deprivation causes polioencephalomalacia when the water intake returns to normal. In pigs the brain lesion is similar but because of the extensive infiltrations of eosinophils, characteristic of pigs, it is called eosinophilic meningoencephalitis.

sodium chloroacetate

a herbicide with very low toxicity potential.

sodium citrate

an alkalinizing agent; used also as an in vitro anticoagulant in blood stored for transfusion or diagnostic use.

sodium cyanide

a highly toxic industrial chemical and unlikely to enter the animal food chain unless as a result of a spill of reagents or industrial waste.

sodium diethyldithiocarbamate

a chelating agent used in the treatment for thallium poisoning; also used as an immunomodulator in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection in humans.

sodium fluoride

a white, odorless powder used at one time for the treatment of ascariasis in pigs. Has no use in veterinary medicine comparable to its use as a prophylactic against dental caries in humans. See also fluorosis.

sodium fluoroacetamide

1081; causes poisoning similar to sodium fluoroacetate (below).

sodium fluoroacetate

occurs naturally in some plants and used in agriculture as a rodenticide known as 1080. The latter is a restricted substance and is only sold on license. Two forms of poisoning occur: (1) myocardial failure resulting in sudden death in herbivora; signs are dyspnea, cardiac irregularity; (2) excitement and convulsions in pigs and dogs. Both poisonings are highly fatal. Plants containing fluoroacetate are Gastrolobium spp., Acacia georgina (gidgee), Dichapetalum spp., Palicourea spp.

sodium fluorosilicate

is used as an insecticide in bait form for crickets and grasshoppers and as an insecticide dust for poultry. It is as toxic as sodium fluoride.

sodium glutamate

the monosodium salt of l-glutamic acid; used in treatment of encephalopathies associated with liver diseases. Also used to enhance the flavor of foods.

sodium homeostasis

maintenance of the body's sodium status at an appropriate level; effected principally by aldosterone increasing tubular resorption of sodium from the glomerular filtrate.

sodium hyaluronate

used in the treatment of degenerative joint disease in horses. See also hyaluronic acid.

sodium hydroxide

an all-purpose caustic. Its biggest use in veterinary science is to clean down fat-laden surfaces in abattoirs prior to disinfection.

sodium hypochlorite

a compound having germicidal, deodorizing and bleaching properties; used in solution to disinfect utensils, and in diluted form (Dakin's solution) as a local antibacterial and to irrigate wounds. A common disinfectant for a wide variety of uses in veterinary medicine, including application to cow's teats in mastitis control programs. Called also bleach.

sodium iodide

a compound used as a source of iodine and as an expectorant. At times used parenterally in the treatment of extensive ringworm, actinobacillosis and actinomycosis. Overuse causes iodism.

sodium lactate

a compound used in solution to replenish body fluids and electrolytes.

sodium lauryl sulfate

an anionic surface-active agent used in shampoos as a detergent and wetting agent to increase skin penetration of active ingredients.

sodium metabisulfite

used as an antioxidant and as an aid in the making of ensilage. Also used as a preservative on meat, as a source of sulfur dioxide.

sodium methanearsonate

a herbicide—monosodium acid methanearsonate—causes arsenic poisoning.

sodium molybdate

used in salt mixture and as pasture topdressing as a prophylaxis against chronic copper poisoning in ruminants.

sodium monofluoroacetate

see sodium fluoroacetate (above).

sodium nitrate

used in food preservation especially meat pickling and as a fertilizer. Can cause nitrate-nitrite poisoning or nitrite poisoning in ruminants.

sodium nitrite

a vasodilator; used in the treatment of cyanide poisoning. Can cause methemoglobinemia and death from anoxia.

sodium oleate

used by local injection in horses to cause inflammation and aid healing of chronic injuries such as splints and bucked shins.

sodium oxalate

see soluble oxalate poisoning.

sodium pentachlorophenate

used as a fungicide in wood preservatives. Acute poisoning after heavy dosing causes dyspnea and death due to respiratory failure.

sodium perborate

an oxidizing agent; used as a topical antiseptic and mouthwash.

sodium phosphate

an osmotic cathartic.

sodium-potassium-ATPase pump

see pump.

sodium-potassium channels

see channel.

sodium/potassium ratio

a low ratio, indicating hyponatremia and hyperkalemia, is characteristic of hypoadrenocorticism.

sodium propionate

used in the prophylaxis and treatment of acetonemia in cows, and as a fungistat both topically and in preparations for animal medication.

sodium pump

see sodium pump.

sodium-restricted diets

used in the dietary management of heart disease and hypertension in dogs and cats.

sodium salicylate

an analgesic, antipyretic compound. See salicylate.

sodium selenite

used as treatment for severe nutritional deficiency of selenium. Overdose will cause poisoning by selenium.

sodium sulfanilate

rate of excretion is used as a sensitive test of urinary function. See also sulfanilate.

sodium sulfate

an osmotic cathartic; also used as a diuretic and sometimes applied topically in solution to relieve edema and pain of infected wounds. Called also Glauber's salts.

sodium sulfite test

1. precipitates protein out of solution; a dramatic test for protein in urine.

2. a turbidity test on serum for proximate estimation of gamma globulin content and immunological status of newborn calf.

sodium tetraborate

called also borax; used as a weak disinfectant.

sodium thiosulfate

a compound used in the treatment of cyanide poisoning, and used in measuring the volume of extracellular body fluid and the renal glomerular filtration rate.

sodium trichloroacetate

a nontoxic herbicide.

sodium versenate

see edetate.

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sodium  

Na+ An alkaline metallic element–atomic number, 11; atomic weight 22.99, which is the main extracellular cation; it is a critical electrolyte in body fluid homeostasis, neuromuscular conduction, and enzyme activity Ref range 135-145 mmol/L–US: 135-145 mEq/L; urine: 40-220 mEq/24 h Panic–critical values Serum < 120 mmol/L; > 160 mmol/L–US: 135-145 mEq/L; urine 43–260 mmol/24 hr

Sodium

Serum sodium

↓ Burns, drugs–ethacrynic acid, thiazides, mannitol, salt-wasting diuretics–eg, furosemide, prolonged IV therapy, low-sodium diet, nasogastic suctioning, salt-wasting renal disease, tissue injury, SIADH, vomiting

↑ Adrenal hyperfunction, CHF, dehydration, hepatic failure, high-sodium diet, drugs–some antibiotics, corticosteroids, cough medicines, laxatives

Urine sodium

↓ Adrenal hyperfunction, CHF, hepatic failure, low-sodium diet, renal failure

↑ Adrenal hypofunction, anterior pituitary–adenohypophysis hypofunction, essential HTN, high-sodium diet

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Patient discussion about sodium-potassium channels.

Q. What steps do you take when your physician says your sodium is low

A. Drugs That May Be Prescribed By Your Doctor for Hyponatremia(low sodium):

Sodium levels must be corrected carefully. If your blood test results indicate you have a very low sodium level, your healthcare provider will cautiously correct the levels, to a "safe level."

Intravenous (IV) fluids with a high-concentration of sodium, and/or diuretics to raise your blood sodium levels.

Loop Diuretics - also known as "water pills" as they work to raise blood sodium levels, by making you urinate out extra fluid. The fluid that is lost (called "free water") is usually replaced with an IV solution that contains a high level of sodium.

A common example of this type of medication is Furosemide (e.g Lasix). You may receive this medication alone or in combination with other medications.

Q. What are the Brands of Sodium-phenobarbitone drug in Bangladesh?

A. maybe this link will help-
http://www.medindia.net/doctors/drug_information/phenobarbitone.htm

if not- i recommend asking an Indian pharmacist..