sodium perborate

sodium per·bo·rate (pr-bôrt)

n.

A white odorless crystalline compound used as a mild alkaline oxidizing agent in dentifrices and as a topical antiseptic and deodorant.

---

sodium perborate,

an oxygen-liberating antiseptic (NaBO₂·H₂O₂·3H₂O) that may be used in treating necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis and other kinds of gingival inflammation and in bleaching pulpless teeth. Prolonged or indiscriminate use of the compound may cause burns of the oral mucosa and blacken the tongue.

---

sodium monofluorophosphate (mon´ōflr´ōfos´fāt),

n a form of fluoride added to oral care products at a strength of 1500 ppm, which is considered extra-strength.

sodium perborate

n an oxygen-liberating antiseptic that has been used in the treatment of necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis and other forms of gingival inflammation. Prolonged or indiscriminate use has produced burns of the oral mucosa and hyperplasia of the filiform papillae of the tongue (black hairy tongue). Also used to bleach pulpless teeth.

sodium pump,

n a mechanism for transporting sodium ions across cell membranes against an opposing concentration gradient.

sodium thiosulfate

n a powdered chemical, commonly called
hypo, that is an ingredient of the fixing solution used in film processing. It clears the film of undeveloped silver halide crystals.

---

sodium

a chemical element, atomic number 11, atomic weight 22.990, symbol Na. See Table 6. Sodium is the major cation of the extracellular fluid (ECF), constituting 90 to 95% of all cations in the blood plasma and interstitial fluid; it thus determines the osmolality of the ECF.

---

sodium acetate

a systemic and urinary alkalizer.

sodium acetylsalicylate

aspirin.

sodium acid phosphate, sodium biphosphate

used as a dietary supplement of phosphorus for ruminants when only phosphorus is required and in small animals as a urinary acidifier.

sodium aminoarsonate

used as a feed additive to chickens and may cause arsenic poisoning if the dose rate is exceeded.

sodium antimony gluconate, sodium stibogluconate

a pentavalent antimonial used in the treatment of leishmaniasis.

sodium arsanilate

used as a feed additive in the treatment of swine dysentery and in poultry and causes arsenic poisoning when dose rates are excessive.

sodium arsenite

used as a topical acaricide. See inorganic arsenic poisoning.

sodium arsenate

like the arsenite, a toxic compound used as an acaricide. Less toxic and less effective than the arsenite. See also inorganic arsenic poisoning.

sodium ascorbate

a form of ascorbic acid; vitamin C.

sodium azide

used in weed control and the prevention of rot in fruit; used in serum samples to prevent bacterial overgrowth.

sodium bentonite

see bentonite.

sodium benzoate

used topically as an antifungal agent in companion animals, with caffeine as a CNS stimulant and as a diagnostic aid in a liver function test.

sodium bicarbonate

a white powder found in most households in the form of baking soda; called also bicarbonate of soda. Used as a gastric antacid and as a systemic and urinary alkalinizer. See also milk shake. Used locally to remove mucus and to remove exudates and scabs.

sodium cacodylate

an organic compound yielding trivalent inorganic arsenic on metabolism in the body, similar in effects and toxicity to arsenic trioxide. Formerly used as a systemic treatment for chronic skin disease and capable of causing arsenic poisoning if used to excess.

sodium-calcium channels

see channel.

sodium carbonate

Na₂CO₃⋅H₂O, used as an alkalizing agent in pharmaceuticals, and has been used as a lotion or bath in the treatment of scaly skin, and as a detergent in companion animals.

sodium channels

see channel.

sodium chlorate

an oldfashioned herbicide which is quite palatable to farm animals and toxic in moderate amounts. Large doses cause abdominal pain, staggering and purging. Lower doses cause methemoglobinemia and dyspnea.

sodium chloride

salt; a necessary constituent of the body and therefore of the diet; sometimes used parenterally in solution to replenish electrolytes in the body.

sodium chloride nutritional deficiency

not a common occurrence but is seen in grazing animals on sodium deficient pastures, where heavy potash fertilizer has been applied in animals that are milking heavily, growing rapidly or losing a lot of sweat. Signs include pica, e.g. drinking urine, polydipsia, polyuria and decrease in appetite, milk yield, body weight, and urinary sodium and chloride.

sodium chloride poisoning (salt poisoning)

can occur via the diet due to accidental inclusion of too much salt; is usually too unpalatable. Most common is drinking of natural saline water from bore or deep well. Causes gastroenteritis, diarrhea and dehydration most noticeable in lactating animals. Animals are restless and play with water, looking for fresh water. Water contains also magnesium, sulfate and carbonate ions. If water intake restricted and salt intake normal a relative poisoning occurs. If combined with water deprivation causes polioencephalomalacia when the water intake returns to normal. In pigs the brain lesion is similar but because of the extensive infiltrations of eosinophils, characteristic of pigs, it is called eosinophilic meningoencephalitis.

sodium chloroacetate

a herbicide with very low toxicity potential.

sodium citrate

an alkalinizing agent; used also as an in vitro anticoagulant in blood stored for transfusion or diagnostic use.

sodium cyanide

a highly toxic industrial chemical and unlikely to enter the animal food chain unless as a result of a spill of reagents or industrial waste.

sodium diethyldithiocarbamate

a chelating agent used in the treatment for thallium poisoning; also used as an immunomodulator in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection in humans.

sodium fluoride

a white, odorless powder used at one time for the treatment of ascariasis in pigs. Has no use in veterinary medicine comparable to its use as a prophylactic against dental caries in humans. See also fluorosis.

sodium fluoroacetamide

1081; causes poisoning similar to sodium fluoroacetate (below).

sodium fluoroacetate

occurs naturally in some plants and used in agriculture as a rodenticide known as 1080. The latter is a restricted substance and is only sold on license. Two forms of poisoning occur: (1) myocardial failure resulting in sudden death in herbivora; signs are dyspnea, cardiac irregularity; (2) excitement and convulsions in pigs and dogs. Both poisonings are highly fatal. Plants containing fluoroacetate are Gastrolobium spp., Acacia georgina (gidgee), Dichapetalum spp., Palicourea spp.

sodium fluorosilicate

is used as an insecticide in bait form for crickets and grasshoppers and as an insecticide dust for poultry. It is as toxic as sodium fluoride.

sodium glutamate

the monosodium salt of l-glutamic acid; used in treatment of encephalopathies associated with liver diseases. Also used to enhance the flavor of foods.

sodium homeostasis

maintenance of the body's sodium status at an appropriate level; effected principally by aldosterone increasing tubular resorption of sodium from the glomerular filtrate.

sodium hyaluronate

used in the treatment of degenerative joint disease in horses. See also hyaluronic acid.

sodium hydroxide

an all-purpose caustic. Its biggest use in veterinary science is to clean down fat-laden surfaces in abattoirs prior to disinfection.

sodium hypochlorite

a compound having germicidal, deodorizing and bleaching properties; used in solution to disinfect utensils, and in diluted form (Dakin's solution) as a local antibacterial and to irrigate wounds. A common disinfectant for a wide variety of uses in veterinary medicine, including application to cow's teats in mastitis control programs. Called also bleach.

sodium iodide

a compound used as a source of iodine and as an expectorant. At times used parenterally in the treatment of extensive ringworm, actinobacillosis and actinomycosis. Overuse causes iodism.

sodium lactate

a compound used in solution to replenish body fluids and electrolytes.

sodium lauryl sulfate

an anionic surface-active agent used in shampoos as a detergent and wetting agent to increase skin penetration of active ingredients.

sodium metabisulfite

used as an antioxidant and as an aid in the making of ensilage. Also used as a preservative on meat, as a source of sulfur dioxide.

sodium methanearsonate

a herbicide—monosodium acid methanearsonate—causes arsenic poisoning.

sodium molybdate

used in salt mixture and as pasture topdressing as a prophylaxis against chronic copper poisoning in ruminants.

sodium monofluoroacetate

see sodium fluoroacetate (above).

sodium nitrate

used in food preservation especially meat pickling and as a fertilizer. Can cause nitrate-nitrite poisoning or nitrite poisoning in ruminants.

sodium nitrite

a vasodilator; used in the treatment of cyanide poisoning. Can cause methemoglobinemia and death from anoxia.

sodium oleate

used by local injection in horses to cause inflammation and aid healing of chronic injuries such as splints and bucked shins.

sodium oxalate

see soluble oxalate poisoning.

sodium pentachlorophenate

used as a fungicide in wood preservatives. Acute poisoning after heavy dosing causes dyspnea and death due to respiratory failure.

sodium perborate

an oxidizing agent; used as a topical antiseptic and mouthwash.

sodium phosphate

an osmotic cathartic.

sodium-potassium-ATPase pump

see pump.

sodium-potassium channels

see channel.

sodium/potassium ratio

a low ratio, indicating hyponatremia and hyperkalemia, is characteristic of hypoadrenocorticism.

sodium propionate

used in the prophylaxis and treatment of acetonemia in cows, and as a fungistat both topically and in preparations for animal medication.

sodium pump

see sodium pump.

sodium-restricted diets

used in the dietary management of heart disease and hypertension in dogs and cats.

sodium salicylate

an analgesic, antipyretic compound. See salicylate.

sodium selenite

used as treatment for severe nutritional deficiency of selenium. Overdose will cause poisoning by selenium.

sodium sulfanilate

rate of excretion is used as a sensitive test of urinary function. See also sulfanilate.

sodium sulfate

an osmotic cathartic; also used as a diuretic and sometimes applied topically in solution to relieve edema and pain of infected wounds. Called also Glauber's salts.

sodium sulfite test

1. precipitates protein out of solution; a dramatic test for protein in urine.

2. a turbidity test on serum for proximate estimation of gamma globulin content and immunological status of newborn calf.

sodium tetraborate

called also borax; used as a weak disinfectant.

sodium thiosulfate

a compound used in the treatment of cyanide poisoning, and used in measuring the volume of extracellular body fluid and the renal glomerular filtration rate.

sodium trichloroacetate

a nontoxic herbicide.

sodium versenate

see edetate.