respiration /res·pi·ra·tion/ (res″pĭ-ra´shun)
Respiration
respiration (R)
respiration [res″pĭ-ra´shun]
respiration (res´pirā´sh
n),
respiration
Patient discussion about respiration.
1. the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the body cells, including ventilation (inhalation and exhalation); diffusion of oxygen from alveoli to blood and of carbon dioxide from blood to alveoli; and transport of oxygen to and carbon dioxide from body cells.
2. ventilation (1).
3. cellular respiration; the exergonic metabolic processes in living cells by which molecular oxygen is taken in, organic substances are oxidized, free energy is released, and carbon dioxide, water, and other oxidized products are given off by the cell.
abdominal respiration breathing accomplished mainly by the abdominal muscles and diaphragm.
aerobic respiration the oxidative transformation of certain substrates into secretory products, the released energy being used in the process of assimilation.
anaerobic respiration respiration in which energy is released from chemical reactions in which free oxygen takes no part.
artificial respiration that which is maintained by force applied to the body, by stimulation of the phrenic nerve by an electric current, or by mouth-to-mouth method (resuscitation of an apneic victim by direct application of the mouth to his, regularly taking a deep breath and blowing into the victim's lungs).
Biot's respiration rapid, short breathing with pauses of several seconds, indicating increased intracranial pressure.
Cheyne-Stokes respiration breathing with rhythmic waxing and waning of depth of breaths and regularly recurring apneic periods.
cogwheel respiration breathing with jerky inhalation.
electrophrenic respiration diaphragmatic pacing; induction of respiration by electric stimulation of the phrenic nerve.
external respiration exchange of gases between the lungs and blood.
internal respiration exchange of gases between the body cells and blood.
Kussmaul's respiration , Kussmaul-Kien respiration air hunger; deep rapid breathing as seen in respiratory acidosis.
paradoxical respiration that in which all or part of a lung is deflated during inhalation and inflated during exhalation, such as in flail chest or paralysis of the diaphragm.
tissue respiration internal r.
res·pi·ra·tion (r s p -r  shn)n. Abbr. R 1. The act or process of inhaling and exhaling; breathing. Also called ventilation. 2. The act or process by which an organism without lungs, such as a fish or plant, exchanges gases with its environment. 3. The oxidative process occurring within living cells by which the chemical energy of organic molecules is released in a series of metabolic steps involving the consumption of oxygen and the liberation of carbon dioxide and water. 4. Any of various analogous metabolic processes by which organisms, such as fungi, obtain energy from organic molecules. |
Respiration
Respiration is the process by which nutrients (specifically sugar, or glucose) and oxygen are taken in to a cell; chemical reactions take place; energy is produce and stored; and carbon dioxide and wastes are given off.
Mentioned in: Pellagra
respiration (R)
[res′pirā′shən]
Etymology: L, respirare, to breathe
1 the molecular exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide within the body's tissues.
2 also called breathing, pulmonary ventilation, ventilation. the process of moving air into and out of the lungs. The rate varies with the age and condition of the person. respiratory, adj.
respiration [res″pĭ-ra´shun]
1. the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the body cells, including inhalation and exhalation, diffusion of oxygen from the pulmonary alveoli to the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood to the alveoli, followed by the transport of oxygen to and carbon dioxide from the body cells. See also ventilation (def. 2) and see Plates.
2. the metabolic processes by which living cells break down carbohydrates, amino acids, and fats to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP); called also cell respiration.
The Respiratory Sequence. The sequence of the respiration process begins as air enters the corridors of the nose or mouth, where it is warmed and moistened. The air then passes through the pharynx, larynx, and trachea and into the bronchi.
The bronchi branch in the lungs into smaller and smaller bronchioles, ending in clusters of tiny air sacs called alveoli; there are 750 million alveoli in the lungs. The blood flows through the lungs in the pulmonary circulation. Through the thin membrane of the network of capillaries around the alveoli, the air and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide molecules migrate from the erythrocytes in the capillaries through the porous membrane into the air in the alveoli, while the oxygen molecules cross from the air into the red blood cells.
The erythrocytes proceed through the circulatory system, carrying the oxygen in loose combination with hemoglobin and giving it up to the body cells that need it. In cellular respiration the blood cells release oxygen and pick up carbon dioxide. The lungs dispose of the carbon dioxide, left there by the red blood cells, in the process of breathing. With each breath, about one-sixth of the air in the lungs is exchanged for new air.
The bronchi branch in the lungs into smaller and smaller bronchioles, ending in clusters of tiny air sacs called alveoli; there are 750 million alveoli in the lungs. The blood flows through the lungs in the pulmonary circulation. Through the thin membrane of the network of capillaries around the alveoli, the air and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide molecules migrate from the erythrocytes in the capillaries through the porous membrane into the air in the alveoli, while the oxygen molecules cross from the air into the red blood cells.
The erythrocytes proceed through the circulatory system, carrying the oxygen in loose combination with hemoglobin and giving it up to the body cells that need it. In cellular respiration the blood cells release oxygen and pick up carbon dioxide. The lungs dispose of the carbon dioxide, left there by the red blood cells, in the process of breathing. With each breath, about one-sixth of the air in the lungs is exchanged for new air.
Breathing. The lungs inflate and deflate 16 to 20 times per minute in adults, 12 to 20 per minute in teenagers, 20 to 30 per minute in children 2 to 12 years old, and 30 to 50 per minute in newborns. Their elastic tissue allows them to expand and contract like a bellows worked by the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles. The diaphragm contracts, flattening itself downward, and thus enlarges the thoracic cavity. At the same time the ribs are pulled up and outward by the action of the narrow but powerful intercostal muscles that expand and contract the rib cage. As the chest expands, the air flows in. Exhalation occurs when the respiratory muscles relax and the chest returns automatically to its minimum size, expelling the air (see also lung).
Automatic Breathing Controls. The automatic control of breathing stems from poorly defined areas known as the respiratory centers, located in the medulla oblongata and pons. From there, impulses are sent down the spinal cord to the nerves that control the diaphragm, and to the intercostal muscles. Chemical and reflex signals control these nerve centers. (See hering-breuer reflexes.)
The chemical controls of breathing are mainly dependent on the level of carbon dioxide in the blood. The response is so sensitive that if the carbon dioxide level increases two-tenths of 1 per cent, the respiratory rate increases automatically to double the amount of air taken in, until the excess of carbon dioxide is eliminated. It is not lack of oxygen but excess of carbon dioxide that causes this instant and powerful reaction.
The carbon dioxide tension (Pco2), of arterial blood normally is 35 to 45 mm Hg. When the Pco2 increases, the respiratory centers are stimulated and breathing becomes more rapid; conversely, decrease of the Pco2 slows the rate of respiration. The Pco2 acts both directly on the respiratory centers and on the carotid and aortic bodies, chemoreceptors that are responsive to changes in blood Pco2, Po2, and pH (see also blood gas analysis).
The chemical controls of breathing are mainly dependent on the level of carbon dioxide in the blood. The response is so sensitive that if the carbon dioxide level increases two-tenths of 1 per cent, the respiratory rate increases automatically to double the amount of air taken in, until the excess of carbon dioxide is eliminated. It is not lack of oxygen but excess of carbon dioxide that causes this instant and powerful reaction.
The carbon dioxide tension (Pco2), of arterial blood normally is 35 to 45 mm Hg. When the Pco2 increases, the respiratory centers are stimulated and breathing becomes more rapid; conversely, decrease of the Pco2 slows the rate of respiration. The Pco2 acts both directly on the respiratory centers and on the carotid and aortic bodies, chemoreceptors that are responsive to changes in blood Pco2, Po2, and pH (see also blood gas analysis).
Protective Respiratory Mechanisms. The lungs are constantly exposed to the surrounding atmosphere. Twenty times a minute, more or less, they take in a gaseous mixture, along with whatever foreign particles happen to be suspended in it and at whatever temperature it may be. To compensate, the lungs have some remarkable protective devices.
On its way through the nasal passage, the cold air from outside is preheated by a large supply of blood, which gives off warmth through the thin mucous membrane that lines the respiratory tract. This same mucous lining is always moist, and dry air picks up moisture as it passes.
Dust, soot, and bacteria are filtered out by a barrier of cilia, tiny hairlike processes that line the passageways of the respiratory tract. The cilia trap not only foreign particles but also mucus produced by the respiratory passages themselves. Since the movement of the cilia is always toward the outside, they move the interfering matter upward, away from the delicate lung tissues, so that it can be expectorated or swallowed. Particles that are too large for the cilia to dispose of usually stimulate a sneeze or a cough, which forcibly expels them. Sneezing and coughing are reflex acts in response to stimulation of nerve endings in the respiratory passages. The stimulus for a cough comes from the air passages in the throat; for a sneeze, from those in the nose.
On its way through the nasal passage, the cold air from outside is preheated by a large supply of blood, which gives off warmth through the thin mucous membrane that lines the respiratory tract. This same mucous lining is always moist, and dry air picks up moisture as it passes.
Dust, soot, and bacteria are filtered out by a barrier of cilia, tiny hairlike processes that line the passageways of the respiratory tract. The cilia trap not only foreign particles but also mucus produced by the respiratory passages themselves. Since the movement of the cilia is always toward the outside, they move the interfering matter upward, away from the delicate lung tissues, so that it can be expectorated or swallowed. Particles that are too large for the cilia to dispose of usually stimulate a sneeze or a cough, which forcibly expels them. Sneezing and coughing are reflex acts in response to stimulation of nerve endings in the respiratory passages. The stimulus for a cough comes from the air passages in the throat; for a sneeze, from those in the nose.
abdominal respiration inspiration accomplished mainly by the diaphragm.
aerobic respiration oxidative transformation of certain substrates into high-energy chemical compounds; see also adenosine triphosphate.
artificial respiration see artificial respiration.
Biot's respiration breathing characterized by irregular periods of apnea alternating with periods in which four or five breaths of identical depth are taken; seen in patients with increased intracranial pressure associated with spinal meningitis and other central nervous system disorders.
cell respiration respiration (def. 2).
Cheyne-Stokes respiration see cheyne-stokes respiration.
cogwheel respiration breathing with jerky inhalation.
diaphragmatic respiration that performed mainly by the diaphragm.
electrophrenic respiration induction of respiration by electric stimulation of the phrenic nerve; see phrenic pacemaker. Called also diaphragmatic or phrenic pacing.
external respiration the exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood.
internal respiration the exchange of gases between the body cells and the blood.
Kussmaul's respiration a distressing, paroxysmal dyspnea affecting both inspiration and expiration, characterized by increased respiratory rate (above 20 per minute), increased depth of respiration, panting, and labored respiration; seen in diabetic acidosis and coma and renal failure. Called also air hunger.
paradoxical respiration see paradoxical respiration.
tissue respiration internal respiration.
respiration (omaha) in the omaha system, a client problem in the physiologic domain, defined as the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body.
respiration (res´pirā´sh
n),n the gaseous exchange between cells of the body and the environment. Four stages exist: pulmonary ventilation, diffusion of gases in the alveoli, transport of gases in the blood to and from cells, and regulation of the process.
respiration, artificial,
n maintenance of respiratory movements by artificial means. When respiration has been arrested and no mechanical device is available, resuscitation by means of artificial respiration is the only practical means of ventilating the lungs.
n.pr (Cheyne-Stokes reflex), a type of breathing characterized by rhythmic variations in intensity that occur in cycles: rhythmic acceleration, deepening, and stopping of breathing movements.
respiration, controlled,
n maintenance of adequate pulmonary ventilation in apneic patients.
respiration, external,
n ventilation of the lungs and oxygenation of the blood.
respiration in speech,
n in normal speech, the action of the respiratory apparatus during exhalation, which provides a continuous stream of air with sufficient volume and pressure (under adequate voluntary control) to initiate phonation. The stream of air is modified in its course from the lungs by the facial and oral structures, giving rise to the sound symbols that are recognized as speech.
respiration, internal,
n the mechanism of gaseous exchange between blood and tissues.
respiration
1. the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the body cells, including inspiration and expiration, diffusion of oxygen from the pulmonary alveoli to the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood to the alveoli, and the transport of oxygen to and carbon dioxide from the body cells.
2. cellular respiration, the metabolic processes by which living cells break down carbohydrates, amino acids and fats to produce energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
abdominal respiration
inspiration and expiration accomplished mainly by the abdominal muscles and diaphragm. Occurs in acute pleurisy because of pain in the chest and fixation of the thorax, and tick paralysis due to paralysis of the intercostal muscles.
aerobic respiration
oxidative transformation of certain substrates into secretory products, the released energy being used in the process of assimilation.
anaerobic respiration
respiration in which energy is released by chemical reactions in which free oxygen takes no part.
artificial respiration
that maintained by force applied to the body. Called also artificially assisted respiration.
artificially assisted respiration
see artificial respiration (above).
Biot's r's
rapid, deep respirations with abrupt pauses in breathing. See also biot's respirations.
cell respiration
the processes in the living cell by which organic substances are oxidized and chemical energy is released.
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
breathing characterized by rhythmic waxing and waning of respiration depth, with regularly recurring apneic periods. See also cheyne-stokes respiration.
cogwheel respiration
breathing with jerky inspiration.
controlled respiration
during general anesthesia using an endotracheal tube with an inflated cuff, the animal's respiration can be controlled completely by compression alternating with relaxation on the rebreathing bag of the breathing circuit. See also intermittent positive-pressure ventilation.
costal respiration
the respiratory movements are mostly carried out by the chest wall.
diaphragmatic respiration
that performed mainly by the diaphragm.
electrophrenic respiration
induction of respiration by electric stimulation of the phrenic nerve.
external respiration
the exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood.
internal respiration
the exchange of gases between the body cells and the blood.
Kussmaul's respiration
labored respiration
see dyspnea.
respiration monitors
machines that monitor respiratory movement and efficiency are most desirable during anesthesia. They include rate monitors, apnea alarms, tidal and minute volume monitoring respirometers, infrared gas analyzers to measure carbon dioxide content of end-tidal air,
paradoxical respiration
that in which a lung, or a portion of a lung, is deflated during inspiration and inflated during expiration. See also paradoxical respiration.
tissue respiration
internal respiration.
respiration
Breathing; to inhale and exhale; the exchange of gases between the external environment and an organism's cells. See Anaerobic respiration, Cellular respiration, Cheyne-Stokes respiration.
Patient discussion about respiration.
Q. Is it possible to fool alcohol breath test? And if so – how?
A. the pnly solution to passingthe breathe test is not drinking, or get a driver,to drive you home safely.
Q. How to get rid of bad breath? My wife complains that I have bad breath. How can I get rid of it?
A. Consider that candida infection can make your breath worse. You might try cutting down on sugar and carbs.
"Bad breath can also be caused by a candida (yeast infection), you may have a constant white furry tongue. Look at cutting down your intake of sugars and processed foods, as well as those containing yeast. - Search for Anti-Candida diet on a search engine for more info"
http://www.wikihow.com/Fix-Bad-Breath-on-the-Spot
"Bad breath can also be caused by a candida (yeast infection), you may have a constant white furry tongue. Look at cutting down your intake of sugars and processed foods, as well as those containing yeast. - Search for Anti-Candida diet on a search engine for more info"
http://www.wikihow.com/Fix-Bad-Breath-on-the-Spot
Q. Help her to breathe. My sixteen year old cousin (girl) who is wondering if she is suffering from asthma, anxiety or both. She is thin, healthy girl and have been very worried She have asthma and have been thinking about it constantly. When she exercise, she get more out of breath, more worn out, and her heart beats faster than other people. Sometimes her chest hurts, but people tell me that is from my chest muscles being worked. She get a little dizzy also. When she go to bed at night sometimes it seems hard to breathe. She can take a deep breath and everything but it seems hard or something. I know there isn't anything wrong with my heart because she had an EKG done recently and chest x-rays. That was fine. When it is hot humid and muggy outside she find it hard to breath. Do you think she have asthma. She don't have any coughing or any known wheezing. Could thinking about every breath she take seem like she have asthma? She really want to know and me too, what is going on! Please help her to breathe!!!!
A. PS--alcohol and cigarettes can cause this problem to(drugs)mrfoot56.
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