joint (joint) the site of junction or union between bones, especially one that allows motion of the bones. 
pivot joint
joint [joint]
)
Various kinds of joints. Fibrous: A, syndesmosis (tibiofibular); B, suture (skull). Cartilaginous: C, symphysis (vertebral bodies); D, synchondrosis (first rib and sternum). Synovial: E, condyloid (wrist); F, gliding (radioulnar); G, hinge or ginglymus (elbow); H, ball and socket (hip); I, saddle (carpometacarpal of thumb); J, pivot (atlantoaxial).
amphidiarthrodial joint amphidiarthrosis.
arthrodial joint plane j.
ball-and-socket joint spheroidal j.
biaxial joint one with two chief axes of movement, at right angles to each other.
bicondylar joint a condylar joint with a meniscus between the articular surfaces, such as the temporomandibular joint.
bilocular joint one with two synovial compartments separated by an interarticular cartilage.
cartilaginous joint a type of synarthrosis in which the bones are united by cartilage.
Charcot's joint neuropathic arthropathy.
Chopart's joint one between the calcaneus and the cuboid bone and the talus and navicular bone.
cochlear joint a hinge joint that permits some rotation or lateral motion.
composite joint , compound joint one in which several bones articulate.
condylar joint , condyloid joint ellipsoidal joint; one in which an ovoid head of one bone moves in an elliptical cavity of another, permitting all movements except axial rotation.
diarthrodial joint synovial j.
elbow joint the articulation between the humerus, ulna, and radius.
ellipsoidal joint condylar j.
enarthrodial joint spheroidal j.
facet joints the articulations of the vertebral column.
false joint pseudarthrosis.
fibrocartilaginous joint symphysis.
fibrous joint a type of synarthrosis in which the bones are united by continuous intervening fibrous tissue.
flail joint an unusually mobile joint.
ginglymoid joint ginglymus.
gliding joint plane j.
hinge joint ginglymus.
hip joint the spheroidal joint between the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the hip bone.
immovable joint fibrous j.
intercarpal joints the articulations between the carpal bones.
knee joint the compound joint between the femur, patella, and tibia.
Lisfranc's joint the articulation between the tarsal and metatarsal bones.
mixed joint one combining features of different types of joints.
multiaxial joint spheroidal j.
neurocentral joint a synchondrosis between the body of a vertebra and either half of the vertebral arch.
peg-and-socket joint gomphosis.
pivot joint a uniaxial joint in which one bone pivots within a bony or an osseoligamentous ring.
plane joint a synovial joint in which the opposed surfaces are flat or only slightly curved.
polyaxial joint spheroidal j.
rotary joint pivot j.
saddle joint one having two saddle-shaped surfaces at right angles to each other.
simple joint one in which only two bones articulate.
spheroidal joint ball-and-socket joint; a synovial joint in which a round surface on one bone (“ball”) moves within a concavity (“socket”) on the other bone.
spiral joint cochlear j.
synarthrodial joint fibrous j.
synovial joint diarthrosis; a joint that permits more or less free motion, the union of the bony elements being surrounded by an articular capsule enclosing a cavity lined by synovial membrane.
temporomandibular joint a bicondylar joint formed by the head of the mandible and the mandibular fossa, and the articular tubercle of the temporal bone.
trochoid joint pivot j.
uniaxial joint one which permits movement in one axis only.
unilocular joint a synovial joint having only one cavity.
piv·ot joint (p v  t)n. See trochoid joint. |
pivot joint
[piv′ət]
Etymology: Fr, hinge; L, jungere, to join
a synovial joint in which movement is limited to rotation. The joint is formed by a pivotlike process that may turn within a ring composed partly of bone and partly of ligament. The proximal radioulnar articulation is a pivot joint in which the head of the radius rotates within the ring formed by the radial notch of the ulna and the annular ligament. Also called trochoid joint. Compare ball-and-socket joint, condyloid joint, gliding joint, hinge joint, saddle joint.
joint [joint]
the site of the junction or union of two or more bones of the body; its primary function is to provide motion and flexibility to the frame of the body. Some are immovable, such as the sutures where segments of bone are fused together in the skull. Others, such as those between the vertebrae, are gliding joints and have limited motion. However, most joints allow considerable motion. The most common type are the synovial joints, which have a complex internal structure, composed not only of ends of bones but also of ligaments, cartilage, the articular capsule, the synovial membrane, and sometimes bursae.
acromioclavicular joint the point at which the clavicle joins with the acromion.
ankle joint the joint between the foot and the leg; see ankle.
arthrodial joint gliding joint.
ball-and-socket joint a synovial joint in which the rounded or spheroidal surface of one bone (the “ball”) moves within a cup-shaped depression (the “socket”) on another bone, allowing greater freedom of movement than any other type of joint. See illustration. Called also polyaxial or spheroidal joint.
bicondylar joint a condylar joint with a meniscus between the articular surfaces, as in the temporomandibular joint.
cartilaginous joint a type of synarthrosis in which the bones are united by cartilage, providing slight flexible movement; the two types are synchondrosis and symphysis.
composite joint (compound joint) a type of synovial joint in which more than two bones are involved.
condylar joint (condyloid joint) one in which an ovoid head of one bone moves in an elliptical cavity of another, permitting all movements except axial rotation; this type is found at the wrist, connecting the radius and carpal bones, and at the base of the index finger. See illustration.
diarthrodial joint synovial joint.
ellipsoidal joint condylar joint.
facet j's the articulations of the vertebral column.
fibrous joint a joint in which the union of bony elements is by continuous intervening fibrous tissue, which makes little motion possible; the three types are suture, syndesmosis, and gomphosis. Called also immovable or synarthrodial joint and synarthrosis.
flail joint an unusually mobile joint, such as results when joint resection is done to relieve pain.
glenohumeral joint the synovial joint formed by the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula. Called also humeral joint and shoulder joint.
gliding joint a synovial joint in which the opposed surfaces are flat or only slightly curved, so that the bones slide against each other in a simple and limited way. The intervertebral joints are this type, and many of the small bones of the wrist and ankle also meet in gliding joints. Called also arthrodial joint and plane joint.
hinge joint a synovial joint that allows movement in only one plane, forward and backward. Examples are the elbow and the interphalangeal joints of the fingers. The jaw is primarily a hinge joint but it can also move somewhat from side to side. The knee and ankle joints are hinge joints that also allow some rotary movement. See illustration. Called also ginglymus.
hip joint the synovial joint formed at the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the hip. See illustration at hip.
humeral joint glenohumeral joint.
immovable joint fibrous j.
pivot joint a synovial joint in which one bone pivots within a bony or an osseoligamentous ring, allowing only rotary movement; an example is the joint between the first and second cervical vertebrae (the atlas and axis). See illustration. Called also rotary or trochoid joint.
plane joint gliding joint.
polyaxial joint ball-and-socket joint.
rotary joint pivot joint.
sacroiliac joint the joint between the sacrum and ilium in the lower back; see also sacroiliac joint.
saddle joint a synovial joint whose movement resembles that of a rider on horseback, who can shift in several directions at will; there is a saddle joint at the base of the thumb, so that the thumb is more flexible and complex than the other fingers but is also more difficult to treat if injured.
shoulder joint humeral joint.
simple joint a type of synovial joint in which only two bones are involved.
spheroidal joint ball-and-socket joint.
synarthrodial joint fibrous j.
synovial joint a specialized joint that permits more or less free movement, the union of the bony elements being surrounded by an articular capsule enclosing a cavity lined by synovial membrane. Called also articulation and diarthrosis. A capillary network in the synovial membrane provides nutrients and synovial fluid to nourish and lubricate the joint space. Strong fibrous bands or cords (ligaments) give strength and security to synovial joints. The majority of the body's joints are of this type. They are divided into five types according to structure and motion: ball and socket, gliding, saddle, hinge, and pivot.
Joints.
trochoid joint pivot joint.
temporomandibular joint (TMJ) a bicondylar joint formed by the head of the mandible and the mandibular fossa, and the articular tubercle of the temporal bone. See also temporomandibular joint disorder.
joint
the site of the junction or union of two or more bones of the body. See also arthritis. The primary functions of joints are to provide motion and flexibility to the skeletal frame, or to allow growth.
Some joints are immovable, such as certain fixed joints where segments of bone are fused together in the skull. Other joints, such as those between the vertebrae, have extremely limited motion. However, most joints allow considerable motion.
Many joints have a complex internal structure. They are composed not merely of ends of bones but also of ligaments, which are tough whitish fibers binding the bones together; cartilage, which is connective tissue, covering and cushioning the bone ends; the articular capsule, a fibrous tissue that encloses the ends of the bones; and the synovial membrane, which lines the capsule and secretes a lubricating fluid (synovia).
Joints are classified by variations in structure that make different kinds of movement possible. The movable joints are usually subdivided into hinge, pivot, gliding, ball-and-socket, condyloid and saddle joints.
For a complete named list of joints in the body see Table 11.
arthrodial joint
gliding joint.
ball-and-socket joint
a synovial joint in which the rounded or spheroidal surface of one bone ('ball') moves within a cup-shaped depression ('socket') on another bone, allowing greater freedom of movement than any other type of joint. Called also spheroidal joint.
biaxial joint
permits movement around two axes.
cartilaginous joint
one in which the bones are united by cartilage, providing either slight flexible movement or allowing growth; it includes symphyses and synchondroses.
condyloid joint
one in which an ovoid head of one bone moves in an elliptical cavity of another, permitting all movements except axial rotation. Called also condylar joint.
congenital joint disease
joint contracture
see contracture.
degenerative joint disease
a disease of the joints of all species and all ages but reaching a particularly high prevalence in pen-fed young bulls in which it is characterized by the sudden onset of lameness in a hindlimb, with pain and crepitus in the hip joint and rapid wasting of the muscles of the croup and thigh. There is a family predisposition to this degenerative arthropathy; it is exacerbated by a diet high in phosphorus and low in calcium and dense in energy so that the bull has a high body weight and is growing fast. The onset is acute and often precipitated by fighting or mating. The disease may not develop until 3 or 4 years of age in bulls that are reared at pasture. Called also coxofemoral arthropathy. See also hip dysplasia.
diarthrodial joint
synovial joint.
joint disease
ellipsoid joint
circumference of the joint is an ellipse with the articular surfaces longer in one direction than the other.
joint enlargement
includes arthritis, arthropathy, rickets.
facet j's
the synovial joints of the vertebral column between the neural arches.
fibrocartilaginous joint
a combination of fibrous and cartilaginous joints. Called also amphiarthrosis. Movement limited and variable.
fibrous joint
one in which the bones are connected by fibrous tissue; it includes suture, syndesmosis and gomphosis.
joint fixation
includes ankylosis, tendon contracture, arthrogryposis.
fixed joint
see synarthrosis.
flail joint
an unusually mobile joint.
fleshy joint
see sarcoarthrosis.
joint fusion
arthrodesis.
ginglymus joint
see hinge joint (below).
gliding joint
a synovial joint in which the opposed surfaces are flat or only slightly curved, so that the bones slide against each other in a simple and limited way. The synovial intervertebral joints are gliding joints, and many of the small bones of the carpus and tarsus meet in gliding joints. Called also arthrodial joint and plane joint.
hinge joint
a synovial joint that allows movement in only one plane, through the presence of a pair of collateral ligaments that run on either side of the joint. Examples are the elbow and the interphalangeal joints of the digits. The jaw is primarily a hinge joint, but it can also move somewhat from side to side. The carpal and tarsal joints are hinge joints that also allow some rotary movement. Called also ginglymus.
hip joint
the joint between the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the hip bone; loosely called hip.
hyaline cartilage joint
see cartilaginous joint (above).
joint hyperextension
joint can be extended beyond the normal position.
joint hypermobility
usually a congenital defect with all joints affected. Degree varies from extreme, in which limbs can be tied in knots and animal unable to stand, to mild, in which the patient is able to walk but the gait is abnormal. There may be additional defects such as pink teeth lacking enamel and dermatosparaxis (hyperelastosis cutis). See also hereditary collagen dysplasia.
knee joint
1. the joint between the femur and tibia, fibula and patella.
2. in large ungulates the compound joint between the radius, ulna, carpus and metacarpus.
joint mouse
fragments of cartilage or bone that lie free in the joint space. See also joint mouse.
osseous joint
inflexible joint composed of bone; called also synostosis.
pivot joint
a joint in which one bone pivots within a bony or an osseoligamentous ring, allowing only rotary movement; an example is the joint between the first and second cervical vertebrae (the atlas and axis).
plane joint
see gliding joint (above).
joint receptors
sensory nerve endings capable of detecting the position or angle of the joint.
saddle joint
the articulating surfaces are reciprocally saddle-shaped and permit movement of all kinds, though not rotation, e.g. interphalangeal joints in the dog.
spheroidal joint
see ball-and-socket joint (above).
synarthrodial joint
a fixed joint.
synovial joint
a specialized form of articulation permitting more or less free movement, the union of the bony elements being surrounded by an articular capsule enclosing a cavity lined by synovial membrane. Called also diarthrosis and diarthrodial joint.
trochoid joint
see pivot joint (above).
uniaxial joint
permits movement in one direction only.
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