muscular (redirected from muscularly)

muscular /mus·cu·lar/ (mus´ku-lar)

1. pertaining to or composing muscle.

2. having a well-developed musculature.

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mus·cu·lar (msky-lr)

adj.

1. Of, relating to, or consisting of muscle.

2. Having or characterized by well-developed muscles.

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muscular

[mus′kyələr]

Etymology: L, musculus

1 pertaining to a muscle.

2 characteristic of well-developed musculature.

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muscular [mus´ku-lar]

1. pertaining to a muscle.

2. having well-developed muscles.

muscular dystrophy a group of genetically determined, painless, degenerative myopathies that are progressively crippling because muscles are gradually weakened and eventually atrophy. At present there is no specific cure. Not all forms are totally disabling, and it can sometimes be arrested temporarily.

The word dystrophy means faulty or imperfect nutrition. In muscular dystrophy the muscles suffer a vital loss of protein, and muscle fibers are replaced gradually by fat and connective tissue until, in the late stages of the disease, the voluntary muscle system becomes virtually useless. In muscular dystrophy all visible damage occurs in the muscles themselves, and thus the disease is markedly different from multiple sclerosis, in which the muscles are rendered impotent by damage to the nerves that control them.

Muscular dystrophy is believed to be hereditary, although the way it is inherited is not the same for all types of the disease. The disease (or a propensity for it) seems to be carried mainly by women who, while not suffering from it themselves, may pass it on to their offspring, usually their sons. A woman who has conceived a child with muscular dystrophy is probably a carrier, as is a woman who has a relative with the condition.

Childhood Muscular Dystrophy. Muscular dystrophy cannot be detected at birth; in most cases symptoms begin to be noticeable about the second or third year. The child gradually finds it more difficult to play and walk, and as the weakening process continues, a wheelchair becomes necessary. In many cases death comes before the age of 20 from respiratory ailments or heart failure. This childhood type of disease (unfortunately the most common type) is known as the Duchenne type or progressive muscular dystrophy. It is also called pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy because at the beginning the muscles, especially those in the calves, appear healthy and bulging when actually they are already weakened and their size is due to an excess of fat.

Other Types. Another type sometimes begins in childhood but is much more likely to appear during the teens or twenties. When the first symptom is a failure of the musculature of the pelvic girdle, this type is referred to as limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. It usually proceeds more slowly than the childhood form. This same type may take the form of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (referring to the face, shoulder, and upper arm muscles), which is likely to manifest itself first in an almost imperceptible weakening of the facial muscles. It is also known as Landouzy-Dejerine muscular dystrophy. Muscle deterioration starts in childhood or early adulthood but it may proceed very gradually over a number of years, sometimes until late in life. Some patients may be only slightly disabled.

Other, rarer types of muscular dystrophy have been identified, including a distal type that begins in the peripheral muscles of the extremities and one that affects only muscles of the eye. Sometimes two or more forms are present in the same patient.

Management. There is almost never any pain in muscular dystrophy. The mind is not affected; patients have normal intelligence. As the small muscles often are the last to be damaged, patients may continue to use their fingers. Children with muscular dystrophy are able to enjoy many recreations, even when they must rely on crutches or wheelchairs. Physical therapy, including exercise of the lungs by deep breathing, is important. The aim of such exercise is not to restore muscle power (which cannot be done) but to ensure that the patient makes the best use of the good muscle tissue remaining and does not develop contractures. The more active patients are, the better they will be physically and mentally. Obesity should be avoided. Splints, braces, and, occasionally, corrective orthopedic surgery are sometimes helpful.

The Muscular Dystrophy Association of America has many local chapters and is concerned both with research and with every aspect of the care and comfort of patients with the disease. They can be contacted at Muscular Dystrophy Association of America, 3300 East Sunrise Drive, Tucson, AZ 85718, or through their web site at http://www.mdausa.org. The Muscular Dystrophy Association of Canada also has information available and has many local chapters. Their national office can be contacted by writing to Muscular Dystrophy Association of Canada, 2345 Yonge Street, Suite 900, Toronto ON M4P 2E5 or consulting their web site at http://www.mdac.ca.

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muscular

1. pertaining to a muscle.

2. having well developed muscles.

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muscular asymmetry

due usually to neuronal or disuse atrophy on one side of the body.

muscular atrophy

wasting away of muscle or a muscle because of reduction in cross sectional area of muscle fibers; may be due to disease of the muscle or its nerve supply, or to disuse or nutritional inadequacy. See also hereditary spinal muscular atrophy (below).

muscular degeneration

varies in severity from degeneration of only the myofibrils or degeneration of the myofibrils plus sarcoplasm, leaving satellite cells and myonuclei and sarcolemmal laminae unaffected, or further levels of increasing severity.

muscular denervation

destruction or congenital absence of the motor nerve supply to the muscle; manifested by paralysis and atrophy and absence of spinal reflexes.

muscular denervation atrophy

progressive shrinkage of muscle fibers when the nerve supply to the muscle is severed.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

an X-linked inherited disease in humans, which is believed to be due to a deficiency of a membrane-associated protein, dystrophin. An analogous disease has been identified in Irish terriers, Golden retrievers and mice.

muscular dystrophy

any degenerative muscular disorder due to faulty nutrition of the muscles. Causes muscle weakness, liberation of myoglobin into the circulation from skeletal muscle and subsequent wasting and possible contracture. In humans there are a group of genetically determined, painless, degenerative myopathies that are progressively crippling because muscles are gradually weakened and eventually atrophy. In food animals the principal disease in this group is enzootic muscular dystrophy caused by a nutritional deficiency of selenium and/or vitamin E. Sporadic cases of muscular dystrophy of unknown etiology occur rarely in dogs.

muscular fascicle

see fascicle.

muscular fasciculation

see fasciculation.

muscular fatigue

during brief, intense exercise probably due in large part to the accumulation of lactate.

hereditary spinal muscular atrophy

progressive degeneration of the motor cells of the spinal cord. It is an inherited, slowly progressive flaccid tetraparesis from an early age, with muscular atrophy. Occurs as an autosomal recessive trait in Swedish lapland dogs, a dominant trait in Brittany spaniels. Also reported in German shepherd dogs, English pointers and Rottweilers. See also hereditary neuronal abiotrophy of Swedish Lapland dogs. In cattle, inherited as an autosomal recessive trait and reported in Brown Swiss, Holstein-Friesian and Red Danish calves with an onset at 3 to 8 weeks of age. There is hind limb ataxia progressing to recumbancy. Associated with lesions in the lower motor neurons of the cervical and lumbar spinal cord.

muscular hernia

hernia through an enclosing muscle sheath.

muscular hyperplasia

an increase in the size of a muscle mass due to an increase in the number of muscle cells. See also myofiber hyperplasia, ileal muscular hypertrophy.

muscular hypertrophy

an increase in the size of a muscle mass due to an increase in the length and thickness of each muscle cell without any increase in the number of cells.

muscular ischemia

short duration or temporary or partial cessation of blood supply causes loss of muscle power and possibly some muscle fiber necrosis; long duration or severe or complete cessation cause ischemic muscle necrosis and atrophy. See also compartment syndrome, downer cow syndrome.

muscular ischemic necrosis

see ischemic myonecrosis.

muscular mineralization

ectopic deposition of minerals in muscle. See mineralization.

myelopathic muscular atrophy

muscular atrophy due to a lesion of the spinal cord, as in spinal muscular atrophy.

nutritional muscular dystrophy

see muscular dystrophy (above).

muscular parasitic diseases

includes cysticercosis, hepatozoonosis, Neosprum caninum myositis, sarcocystosis, toxoplasmosis, trichenellosis.

muscular receptors

muscle spindles which respond to stretch.

muscular steatosis

excess fat deposits in muscle; a problem only at meat hygiene inspection.

muscular vascular occlusive syndrome

see ischemic myonecrosis.

muscular weakness

see weakness.

X-linked muscular dystrophy

see Duchenne muscular dystrophy (above).

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Patient discussion about muscular.

Q. How can one with fibromyalgia build muscle strength? What is the best way to build muscle (core and upper body, especially) when one has fibromyalgia and suffers from 24 to 48 hours of severe spasm and pain in the shoulders and neck whenever any lifting (with arms or of the upper torso against gravity) is done?

A. i found this site VERY useful:
http://ncpad.org/disability/fact_sheet.php?sheet=191
good luck!

Q. How long steroids takes for me to build my muscles? I am very much eager to go for muscle building. I feel that if I take steroids then it is a better option to build good muscle cuts. But as I know that it has bad impact on general health so I do not want to keep that option as such now. But I want to how long it takes for me to build my muscles?

A. brandon is right,even in pulmonary medicine,steroids are used as a last try,in breaking a asthmatic attack,,,,the one thing i know it does,in simple terms,is take all the calcium out of your bones......mrfoot56

Q. What are muscle cramps caused from? I am a 30 year old woman and am pregnant. I keep on getting a muscle cramps on the back on my lower leg. It really hurts! What is causing it and how can I prevent it?

A. No one really knows why women have leg cramps when they're pregnant but it is very common. It's possible that your leg muscles are tired from carrying around the extra weight. Or they may be aggravated by the pressure your expanding uterus puts on the blood vessels that return blood from your legs to your heart and the nerves that lead from your trunk to your legs. To prevent it Avoid standing or sitting with your legs crossed for long periods of time. Stretch your calf muscles regularly during the day and before bed.
Rotate your ankles and wiggle your toes when sitting.
Take daily walks, unless your midwife or doctor has advised you not to exercise. Lie down on your left side to improve circulation to and from your legs.
Stay hydrated during the day by drinking water regularly.