laryngeal paralysis

laryngeal

pertaining to the larynx.

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laryngeal adductory reflex, adduction test

slapping of the saddle region of a horse just behind the withers causes a flickering, adductory movement of the contralateral arytenoid cartilage in normal horses. The movement of the cartilage can be viewed endoscopically. The reflex is abolished by damage to the adductory component of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, by lesions in the spinal cord in the anterior thoracic region and by excitement. Called also slap test.

laryngeal airsacculitis

inflammation of the large air sacs found attached to the larynx in great apes.

laryngeal cartilage

includes epiglottis, thyroid, cricoid, and the paired arytenoid cartilages.

laryngeal chondritis

necrosis and ulceration of laryngeal mucosa caudal to the vocal cords; seen in calves and especially in Texel and Southdown sheep.

laryngeal chondroma

can cause laryngeal obstruction in horses.

laryngeal collapse

a cause of upper airway obstruction, particularly in brachycephalic dogs.

laryngeal congenital anomalies

epiglottal hypoplasia (horse, pig) is a rare anomaly.

laryngeal contact ulcers

are ulcerative lesions which develop at the site of minor abrasions caused by frequent contact and rubbing of the epiglottis and arytenoid cartilages.

laryngeal edema

a part of acute inflammation of the laryngeal mucosa due to infection, allergy or inhalation of irritant materials. It causes obstruction to air flow, stertor, dyspnea and potentially asphyxia.

everted laryngeal saccules

the laryngeal saccules protrude into the lumen of the larynx, become edematous and cause upper airway obstruction with increased inspiratory effort.

laryngeal fremitus

a vibration palpable at the throat with partial obstruction of the larynx.

laryngeal hemiplegia

unilateral paralysis, called also roaring, is a common condition in horses, causing a reduction in exercise tolerance and a loud stertor at exercise. Bilateral paralysis causes a more severe but similar syndrome.

laryngeal mound

a conspicuous mound in the throat of birds; carries the entrance to the larynx.

laryngeal necrobacillosis

the principal lesion in calf diphtheria.

laryngeal necrosis

occurs in outbreaks in feedlot steers at the site of contact ulcers on the larynx. The common bacteria in the lesions is Fusobacterium necrophorum.

laryngeal neoplasm

includes chondroma, papilloma.

laryngeal neuropathy

dysfuction, most commonly unilateral hemiplegia, of the recurrent layngeal nerve; see roaring.

laryngeal obstruction

may be acute or chronic, with signs varying to match. Stertor, inspiratory dyspnea and local signs, such as pain, swelling and the presence of foreign bodies, constitute the clinical syndrome.

laryngeal papilloma

occurs in feedlot steers at the site of contact ulcers on the larynx.

laryngeal paralysis

can result from lesions of the vagus or recurrent laryngeal nerves, and may be acquired or congenital. It is seen in association with hypothyroidism in dogs. An inherited laryngeal paralysis occurs in the Bouvier des Flandres breed of dogs, causing varying degrees of noisy respirations and upper airway obstruction from several months of age. In immature Dalmatian dogs it is seen as part of a more widespread polyneuropathy with megaesophagus, neurologic deficits. See also laryngeal hemiplegia (above).

laryngeal polyp

recorded in horses in association with Besnoitia spp. infection.

laryngeal pyriform recesses

permit the grazing ruminant to breathe, and to sniff the air, while eating and ruminating.

laryngeal saccule

the lining of the laryngeal ventricle.

laryngeal sounds

the normal sounds of air going in and out past the larynx, as heard with a stethoscope. When there is stenosis the sounds are loud and harsh, also called stertor; with catarrhal inflammation they are gurgling.

laryngeal spasm

a reflex constriction of the larynx because of contact with foreign material being inhaled or during administration of a gaseous anesthetic, especially in cats. May cause asphyxiation.

laryngeal sphincteric girdle

the muscles that constrict the laryngeal opening, and the cricoarytenoid, transverse arytenoid and thyroarytenoid muscles.

laryngeal stenosis

may follow laryngeal surgery, inury (particularly prolonged intubation), or infection; granulation tissue and cartilage degeneration and collapse can cause a progressive reduction in the airway.

laryngeal stertor

loud breath sounds caused by a narrowing of the laryngeal lumen.

laryngeal ulceration

common subclinical lesion in feedlot cattle; lesions are at points of apposition of vocal processes and medial angles of arytenoid processes.

laryngeal ventricle

a bilateral outpocketing of the laryngeal mucosa in the dog, pig and horse. In the dog and the horse they are between the vocal and vestibular folds in the lateral walls of the laryngeal vestibule. In the pig they are in the lateral wall of the glottis.

laryngeal ventriculectomy

removal of the mucosa lining the relevant laryngeal ventricle as a treatment of laryngeal hemiplegia in horses.

laryngeal vestibule

the short space from the entrance to the larynx to the rima glottidis.

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paralysis

loss or impairment of motor function in a part due to a lesion of the neural or muscular mechanism; also, by analogy, impairment of sensory function (sensory paralysis). Called also palsy. Motor paralysis may be expressed as flaccid, in the case of lower motor neuron lesion, or spastic, in the case of an upper motor neuron lesion. See also paraplegia, quadriplegia, hemiplegia and paralyses of individual cranial and peripheral nerves.

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paralysis of accommodation

paralysis of the ciliary muscles of the eye so as to prevent accommodation.

anal paralysis

manifested by flaccidity and lack of tone of the anal sphincter, and loss of house training restraint in companion animals.

antepartum paralysis

pressure on sciatic nerves by a large fetus in late pregnancy in a cow can cause posterior paralysis that is cured by a cesarean section.

ascending paralysis

spinal paralysis that progresses forwards involving first the hindlimbs then the forelimbs, then the intercostal muscles, then the diaphragm, and finally the muscles of the neck.

birth paralysis

that due to injury received by the neonate at birth.

bladder paralysis

manifested by fullness of the bladder and response to manual pressure. See also motor paralytic urinary bladder.

cage paralysis

see thiamin nutritional deficiency.

central paralysis

any paralysis due to a lesion of the brain or spinal cord.

cerebral paralysis

paralysis caused by some intracranial lesion.

Chastek paralysis

see thiamin nutritional deficiency.

compression paralysis

that caused by pressure on a nerve.

congenital paralysis

paralysis of the newborn. Many cases are due to birth trauma especially when lay persons exert excessive traction. Other causes are enzootic ataxia, inherited congenital paraplegias in calves and pigs, spina bifida and spinal dysraphism and occipito-alanto-axial malformations in foals and puppies.

conjugate paralysis

loss of ability to perform some parallel ocular movements.

coonhound paralysis

see idiopathic polyradiculoneuritis.

crossed paralysis

paralysis affecting one side of the head and the other side of the body.

curled toe paralysis

a disease of poultry caused by a nutritional deficiency of riboflavin. See also curled toe paralysis.

decubitus paralysis

paralysis due to pressure on a nerve from lying for a long time in one position.

esophageal paralysis

manifested by inability to swallow, and regurgitation.

facial paralysis

weakening or paralysis of the facial nerve. See also facial paralysis.

flaccid paralysis

paralysis characterized by loss of voluntary movement, decreased tone of limb muscles, absence of tendon reflexes and neurogenic atrophy.

immunological paralysis

the absence of immune response to a specific antigen. See also tolerance.

infectious bulbar paralysis

see aujeszky's disease.

ischemic paralysis

local paralysis due to stoppage of circulation.

lambing paralysis

maternal obstetric paralysis in the ewe.

laryngeal paralysis

see laryngeal hemiplegia.

mixed paralysis

combined motor and sensory paralysis.

motor paralysis

paralysis of the voluntary muscles.

nerve paralysis

paralysis caused by damage to the local motor nerve supply. See also peripheral nerve paralysis (below).

obstetric paralysis

see maternal obstetric paralysis.

partial paralysis

see paresis.

peripheral nerve paralysis

the part deprived of its peripheral nerve supply shows flaccid paralysis, absence of spinal reflexes, muscle atrophy and a subnormal temperature.

postcalving paralysis

see maternal obstetric paralysis.

posterior paralysis

paralysis of the hindlimbs, tail and perineum. See also paraplegia.

range paralysis

see marek's disease.

sensory paralysis

loss of sensation resulting from a morbid process.

spastic paralysis

paralysis with rigidity of the muscles and heightened deep muscle reflexes.

tongue paralysis

see hypoglossal nerve paralysis.

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laryngeal paralysis

ENT Loss of function of one or both vocal folds. See Recurrent laryngeal nerve.