bone (bōn)
1. the hard, rigid form of connective tissue constituting most of the skeleton of vertebrates, composed chiefly of calcium salts.
2. any distinct piece of the skeleton of the body.
ankle bone talus.
basiotic bone a small bone in the fetus between the basilar process and the basisphenoid.
brittle bones osteogenesis imperfecta.
cancellous bone see lamellar b.
capitate bone the bone in the distal row of carpal bones lying between the trapezoid and hamate bones.
carpal bones the eight bones of the wrist (carpus), including the capitate, hamate, lunate, pisiform, scaphoid, trapezoid, and triquetral bones and the trapezium.
cartilage bone bone developing within cartilage, ossification taking place within a cartilage model.
cheek bone zygomatic b.
collar bone clavicle.
compact bone see lamellar b.
cortical bone the compact bone of the shaft of a bone that surrounds the marrow cavity.
cuboid bone a bone on the lateral side of the tarsus between the calcaneus and the fourth and fifth metatarsal bones.
cuneiform bone, intermediate the intermediate and smallest of the three wedge-shaped tarsal bones located medial to the cuboid and between the navicular and the first three metatarsal bones.
cuneiform bone, lateral the most lateral of the three wedge-shaped tarsal bones located medial to the cuboid and between the navicular and the first three metatarsal bones.
cuneiform bone, medial the medial and largest of the three wedge-shaped tarsal bones located medial to the cuboid and between the navicular and the first three metatarsal bones.
ethmoid bone the cubical bone located between the orbits and consisting of the lamina cribrosa, the lamina perpendicularis, and the paired lateral masses.
flat bone one whose thickness is slight, sometimes consisting of only a thin layer of compact bone, or of two layers with intervening cancellous bone and marrow; usually curved rather than flat.
frontal bone a single bone that closes the anterior part of the cranial cavity and forms the skeleton of the forehead; it is developed from two halves, the line of separation (the frontal suture) sometimes persisting in adult life.
funny bone the region of the median condyle of the humerus where it is crossed by the ulnar nerve.
hamate bone the medial bone in the distal row of carpal bones.
heel bone calcaneus.
hip bone the large bone in the hip, consisting of the ilium, the ischium, and the pubic bone.
hyoid bone a horseshoe-shaped bone at the base of the tongue, just superior to the thyroid cartilage.
incisive bone the portion of the maxilla bearing the incisors; developmentally, it is the premaxilla, which in humans later fuses with the maxilla, but in most other vertebrates persists as a separate bone.
innominate bone hip b.
jaw bone the mandible or maxilla, especially the mandible.
jugal bone zygomatic b.
lacrimal bone a thin scalelike bone at the anterior part of the medial wall of the orbit, articulating with the frontal and ethmoid bones and the maxilla and inferior nasal concha.
lamellar bone the normal type of adult bone, organized in layers (lamellae), which may be parallel (cancellous b.) or concentrically arranged (compact b.).
lingual bone hyoid b.
long bone a bone that has a longitudinal axis of considerable length, consisting of a body or shaft (the diaphysis) and an expanded portion (the epiphysis) at each end that is usually articular; typically found in the limbs.
lunate bone the bone in the proximal row of carpal bones lying between the scaphoid and triquetral bones.
malar bone zygomatic b.
marble bones osteopetrosis.
mastoid bone mastoid part of temporal bone; see under part.
metacarpal bones the five cylindrical bones of the hand (metacarpals), which articulate proximally with the bones of the wrist and distally with the proximal phalanges of the fingers; numbered from that articulating with the phalanx of the thumb to that articulating with the phalanx of the little finger.
metatarsal bones the five bones (metatarsals) extending from the ankle to the phalanges of the toes; numbered from the most medial articulating with the phalanx of the big toe to the most lateral articulating with the phalanx of the little toe.
nasal bone either of the two small, oblong bones that together form the bridge of the nose.
navicular bone the oval-shaped tarsal bone found between the talus and the three cuneiform bones.
occipital bone a single trapezoid-shaped bone at the posterior inferior part of the cranium, articulating with the two parietal and two temporal bones, the sphenoid bone, and the atlas; it contains a large opening, the foramen magnum.
palatine bone the irregularly shaped bone forming the posterior part of the hard palate, the lateral wall of the nasal fossa between the medial pterygoid plate and the maxilla, and the posterior part of the floor of the orbit.
parietal bone either of the two quadrilateral bones forming part of the superior and lateral surfaces of the skull, and joining each other in the midline at the sagittal suture.
pelvic bone hip b.
petrous bone petrous part of temporal bone; see under part.
pisiform bone the medial bone of the proximal row of carpal bones.
pneumatic bone bone that contains air-filled spaces.
premaxillary bone premaxilla.
pterygoid bone see under process.
pubic bone the anterior inferior part of the hip bone on either side, articulating with its fellow in the anterior midline at the pubic symphysis; it is a separate bone in early life.
rider's bone localized ossification of the inner aspect of the lower end of the tendon of the adductor muscle of the thigh; sometimes seen in horseback riders.
semilunar bone lunate b.
sesamoid bones numerous ovoid nodular bones, often small, usually found embedded within a tendon or joint capsule, principally in the hands and feet; two sesamoid bones, the fabella and patella, are associated with the knee.
shin bone tibia.
sphenoid bone a single irregular, wedge-shaped bone at the base of the skull, forming part of the floor of the anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae.
squamous bone squamous part of temporal bone; see under part.
sutural bone variable and irregularly shaped bones in the sutures between the bones of the skull. 
)
tail bone coccyx.
tarsal bones the seven bones of the ankle (tarsus), including the calcaneus, the cuboid bone, the navicular bone, the talus, and the intermediate, lateral, and medial cuneiform bones.
temporal bone either of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. It is divided anatomically into four parts: the mastoid, petrous, squamous, and tympanic parts.
thigh bone femur.
trapezoid bone the bone in the distal row of carpal bones lying between the trapezium and the capitate bone.
triquetral bone the bone in the proximal row of carpal bones lying between the lunate and pisiform bones.
turbinate bone any of the nasal conchae.
tympanic bone tympanic part of temporal bone; see under part.
unciform bone , uncinate bone hamate b.
wormian bone sutural bone.
zygomatic bone the quadrangular bone of the cheek, articulating with the frontal bone, the maxilla, the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, and the greater wing of the sphenoid bone.
| lamellar bone n. A bone in which the tubular lamellae are formed, which are characterized by parallel spirally arranged collagen fibers. |
bone
1. the hard, rigid form of connective tissue constituting most of the skeleton of most vertebrates, composed chiefly of an organic component of collagenous matrix and cells and a mineral component of calcium phosphate and other salts.
2. any distinct piece of the skeleton of the body. For a named list of bones see Table 10.
3. describes conformation, substance, thickness and quality of bone structure in an animal, e.g. an animal with good bone. See also osseous.
bone ash
analysis of the degree of mineralization of bone is done by an ash analysis in which the bone is heated at 600°C until there is no further weight loss.
bone atrophy
see osteoporosis.
brittle b's
see osteogenesis imperfecta.
bone callus
see callus (2).
cancellated bone, cancellous bone
bone composed of thin intersecting lamellae, usually found internal to compact bone. Called also spongy bone.
cartilage bone
bone developing within cartilage, ossification taking place within a cartilage model. Called also endochondral ossification.
bone cells
cheek bone
see zygomatic bone.
chevron bone
see hemal arch.
chondroid bone
has histological characteristics of both cartilage and bone; may develop in response to tensions from frequently changing directions.
bone clamp
strongly built, handheld, tong-like instrument with outcurving blades making a circle when closed for grasping a piece of bone shaft. The handles are ratcheted to give a firm grasp, and the faces of the blades have deep, crossways grooves.
compact bone
bone substance that is dense and noncancellous.
cortical bone
the compact bone of the shaft of a bone that surrounds the marrow cavity.
bone cyst
a discrete, grossly visible cavity, filled with fluid and often lined by a membrane. It may be located under cartilage (subchondral), be a single cavity (unicameral), filled with blood (aneurysmal) or contain epidermal cells (epidermoid).
)
Aneurysmal bone cyst. By permission from Slatter D, Textbook of Small Animal Surgery, Saunders, 2002
decalcified bone
a material for bone grafting. Prepared by treatment with hydrochloric acid, bone morphogenic protein is retained.
bone density
the degree of mineralization, usually demonstrable in radiographs.
bone discoloration
continuous intake of tetracycline colors bone of growing animals yellow; inherited or acquired porphyria discolors bone red-brown.
ectopic bone
bone which develops in abnormal sites. Needs to be differentiated from ectopic ossification and ectopic mineralization.
endochondral bone
bone formed by the ossification of cartilage. The means of lengthening of long bones. See also enchondral ossification.
entoglossal bone
the bone in a bird's tongue.
bone file, bone rasp
see bone rasp.
flat bone
one whose thickness is slight, sometimes consisting of only a thin layer of compact bone, or of two layers with intervening cancellated bone and marrow; usually curved rather than flat.
bone flour
finely ground bone used as a mineral supplement in animal feed to supply additional calcium and phosphorus. Needs to be properly sterilized.
bone fragility
the ease with which bone fractures depends to a large extent on the density of its compact bone, that is its degree of mineralization, which in turn depends on a number of factors including age, nutritional adequacy, state of pregnancy and lactation and exposure to weight bearing.
bone G1a protein
see osteocalcin.
bone infection
intramembranous bone
bone formed within membrane or under the periosteum.
jugal bone
see zygomatic bone.
lamellar bone
mature bone in which the collagen fibers are in an orderly layered arrangement producing lamellae.
laminar bone
the formation of bone by the periosteum in layers, sometimes more than one layer at a time, to supplement the diaphyseal expansion of the bone. Is marked in farm animals and large dogs, and serves to accommodate the skeleton to the very rapid growth of the musculature.
lingual bone
see hyoid bone.
long bone
one whose length usually exceeds its breadth and thickness and which usually bears epiphyses at each extremity during growth.
)
Structure of typical long bone. By permission from Aspinall V, O'Reilly M, Introduction to Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, Butterworth Heinemann, 2004
malar bone
see zygomatic bone.
marble b's
see osteopetrosis.
mastoid bone
the posterior part of the petrous temporal bone; the mastoid process.
bone matrix
the intercellular component of bone. It includes collagen and amorphous ground substance consisting mostly of mucopolysaccharides (chondroitin sulfate).
bone meal
a product made from meatless bones which are crushed and sterilized. The bones are derived from boning plants and retail outlets. The bonemeal is used as stock feed, fertilizer and in a number of industries. Care is needed in its preparation and in the selection of the bones because of the high risk of transmitting diseases including anthrax, salmonellosis, tuberculosis. A coarse grade of bone flour (see above). Prohibited from being used as a feed in many countries as part of programs to control or prevent bovine spongiform encephalopathy.
membrane bone
bone that develops within a connective tissue membrane.
metaplastic bone
bone formed by connective tissue by redifferentiation of mesenchymal cells.
bone mineral
principally calcium and phosphorus but includes also magnesium and, to a lesser extent, potassium and fluorine. Consisting mainly of hydrated calcium phosphate (apatite) and calcium carbonate.
bone modeling
the sum of the activities of the endosteum and periosteum of bone to produce bone forms.
bone neoplasm
includes fibroma, fibrosarcoma, chondroma, osteochondroma, chondrosarcoma, osteoma, osteosarcoma.
pelvic bone
hip bone.
perilacunar bone
low density bone around the lacunae of bone which contains much amorphous mineral. In this form the mineral is labile and therefore important in the maintenance of calcium homeostasis.
periosteal bone
bone deposition by the periosteum in successive laminae; the bone formation in new bone and in a callus, beginning as fibrocellular tissue forming from the endosteum and periosteum, followed by calcification and bone formation.
bone pinning
see pinning.
pneumatic bone
bone that contains air-filled spaces.
premaxillary bone
see premaxilla.
pterygoid bone
a small skull bone that articulates with the sphenoid.
bone remodeling unit
osteoclasts, osteoblasts and their progenitors, the basal metabolic unit of bone.
bone sand
remnants of bone trabeculae destroyed in osteomyelitis and sequestered in pus.
bone sealant
a composition of beeswax and isopropylpalmitate used to seal the cut end of bone and stop the oozing of blood.
shin bone
see tibia and cannon bone.
short bone
one of approximately equal length, width and thickness, usually without epiphyses.
solid bone
compact bone.
spongy bone
cancellous bone.
bone structural unit
see basic multicell unit.
sutural b's
variable and irregularly shaped bones in the sutures between the bones of the skull.
bone tumor
includes cartilage-forming tumors (chondroma, osteochondroma, chondrosarcoma, multilobular tumor) and bone-forming tumors (osteoma, osteosarcoma).
tympanic bone
the part of the temporal bone surrounding the middle ear.
bone wax
see bone sealant (above).
wormian b's
sutural bones.
woven bone
primitive bone with coarse collagen bundles arranged in a disorderly fashion and replaced subsequently by lamellar bone.
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