kidney failure

failure /fail·ure/ (fāl´yer) inability to perform or to function properly.

---

acute congestive heart failure  rapidly occurring cardiac output deficiency marked by venocapillary congestion, hypertension, and edema.

backward heart failure  a concept of heart failure emphasizing the causative contribution of passive engorgement of the systemic venous system, as a result of dysfunction in a ventricle and subsequent pressure increase behind it.

bone marrow failure  failure of the hematopoietic function of the bone marrow.

congestive heart failure  (CHF) that characterized by breathlessness and abnormal sodium and water retention, resulting in edema, with congestion of the lungs or peripheral circulation, or both.

diastolic heart failure  heart failure due to a defect in ventricular filling caused by an abnormality in diastolic function.

forward heart failure  a concept of heart failure that emphasizes the inadequacy of cardiac output relative to body needs and considers venous distention as secondary.

heart failure  inability of the heart to pump blood at a rate adequate to fill tissue metabolic requirements or the ability to do so only at an elevated filling pressure; defined clinically as a syndrome of ventricular dysfunction with reduced exercise capacity and other characteristic hemodynamic, renal, neural, and hormonal responses.

high-output heart failure  that in which cardiac output remains high; associated with hyperthyroidism, anemia, arteriovenous fistulas, beriberi, osteitis deformans, or sepsis.

kidney failure  renal f.

left-sided heart failure , left ventricular failure failure of adequate output by the left ventricle, marked by pulmonary congestion and edema.

low-output heart failure  that in which cardiac output is decreased, as in most forms of heart disease, leading to manifestations of impaired peripheral circulation and vasoconstriction.

premature ovarian failure  premature menopause.

renal failure  inability of the kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under normal loading, or inability to retain electrolytes when intake is normal; in the acute form, marked by uremia and usually by oliguria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema.

right-sided heart failure , right ventricular failure failure of adequate output by the right ventricle, marked by venous engorgement, hepatic enlargement, and pitting edema.

systolic heart failure  heart failure due to a defect in the expulsion of blood that is caused by an abnormality in systolic function.

failure to thrive  physical and developmental retardation in infants and small children, sometimes from physical illness and sometimes from psychosocial effects such as maternal deprivation.

---

Kidney failure

The inability of the kidney to excrete toxic substances from the body.

Mentioned in: Nephrotic Syndrome

---

kidney failure.

See renal failure.

---

failure [fāl´yer]

inability to perform or to function properly.

adult failure to thrive a nursing diagnosis accepted by the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association, defined as a progressive functional deterioration of a physical and cognitive nature. The individual's ability to live with multisystem diseases, cope with ensuing problems, and manage his/her care are remarkably diminished.

bone marrow failure failure of the hematopoietic function of the bone marrow; see also bone marrow suppression.

congestive heart failure see congestive heart failure.

heart failure see heart failure.

kidney failure renal failure.

multiple organ failure failure of two or more organ systems in a critically ill patient; see also multiple organ failure.

renal failure see renal failure.

respiratory failure see respiratory failure.

failure to thrive (failure to thrive syndrome) physical and developmental retardation in infants and small children. The syndrome can be seen in children with a physical illness, but the term is most often taken to mean failure to thrive due to psychosocial effects such as maternal deprivation. The syndrome was first noticed when European psychiatrists studied the development of babies who had spent the first five years of their lives in institutions where they were deprived of the emotional warmth of a mother, father, or other primary caregiver.

Characteristics of the failure to thrive syndrome include lack of physical growth (for example, weight and height below the third percentile for age) and below normal achievement in fine and gross motor, social-adaptive, and language skills as assessed by psychometric testing using a tool such as the Denver Developmental Screening Test. Additionally, the child with this syndrome displays withdrawing behavior, avoidance of eye contact, and stiffness or flaccid posture when held. These children often have a history of irritability, feeding problems, and disturbed sleep patterns.

Parents of infants with failure to thrive syndrome typically display feelings of concern and inadequacy. The infant who is feeding poorly and is irritable may elicit a response in the caregiver that reflects tension and frustration. The need for comfort and nurturing by the infant may not be met, and this may lead to a cycle that exacerbates feeding problems.

Intervention encompasses identification of infants and mothers at risk for the syndrome and care of both mother or primary caregiver and infant. The major goals are to encourage the mother to express her feelings without fear of rejection, to model the role of mother and teach her nurturing behaviors, and to promote her self-esteem and confidence. Important nursing goals in the care of the infant include providing optimal nutrition, comfort, and rest; meeting the infant's psychosocial needs; and supplying emotional nurturance and sensory stimulation appropriate to the assessed developmental level.

ventilatory failure respiratory failure.

---

kidney,

n one of a pair of bean-shaped urinary organs in the dorsal part of the abdomen, one on each side of the vertebral column. The kidneys filter the blood and produce and eliminate urine. They use a complex filtration network and reabsorption system made up of nephrons, the functional unit of the organ. They also regulate the concentrations of hydrogen, sodium, potassium, phosphate, and other ions in the extracellular fluid. Diseases of the kidneys can lead to xerostomia, periodontal disease, and inflammation of the oral cavity and salivary glands. Medications may also need to be adjusted in these cases.

kidney dialysis, artificial,

n a treatment used in patients with kidney failure. It performs the same function of normal kidneys, removing salts, waste products, and excess water. There are two types, peritoneal and hemodialysis.

kidney failure,

n a disease in which the patient's kidney(s) fail to work properly, resulting in their inability to remove excess fluid and waste material from the blood. There are two types, acute and chronic.

kidney failure, acute,

n a form of kidney disease that is more likely to occur in hospitalized patients whose health is already compromised by complicated surgery, injury to the kidney, or decreased blood flow to the kidney. Patients with acute kidney failure often can undergo intensive treatment and recover from the disease.

kidney failure, chronic,

n a gradual, progressive form of kidney disease that often results from high blood pressure (hypertension) or diabetes.

---

failure

inability to perform or to function properly.

---

failure to conceive

said of cows which return to estrus after mating.

kidney failure

see renal failure.

failure of passive transfer

see maternal immunity.

respiratory failure

called also ventilatory failure; see respiratory failure.

failure to thrive

used generally to describe young animals which are not gaining weight or growing; can be due to disease or management problems. In llamas, used to describe a specific syndrome in which the young are normal in early age, but later stop growing. Rickets is one possible cause, but there may be others.

---

kidney failure

Any of a number of conditions–eg, diabetic nephropathy, ESRD, lupus nephritis, characterized by ↓ renal function Management Dialysis; success is monitored by URR and Kt/V. See Acute renal failure, Chronic renal failure, End-stage renal disease.