cyanosis (redirected from cyanosis retinae)

Cyanosis 

Definition

Cyanosis is a physical sign causing bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes. Cyanosis is caused by a lack of oxygen in the blood. Cyanosis is associated with cold temperatures, heart failure, lung diseases, and smothering. It is seen in infants at birth as a result of heart defects, respiratory distress syndrome, or lung and breathing problems.

Description

Blood contains a red pigment (hemoglobin) in its red blood cells. Hemoglobin picks up oxygen from the lungs, then circulates it through arteries and releases it to cells through tiny capillaries. After giving up its oxygen, blood circulates back to the lungs through capillaries and veins. Hemoglobin, as well as blood, is bright red when it contains oxygen, but appears dark or "bluish" after it gives up oxygen.

The blue discoloration of cyanosis is seen most readily in the beds of the fingernails and toenails, and on the lips and tongue. It often appears transiently as a result of slowed blood flow through the skin due to the cold. As such, it is not a serious symptom. However, in other cases cyanosis is a serious symptom of underlying disease.

Causes and symptoms

The blue color of the skin and mucous membranes is caused by a lack of oxygen in the blood. Low blood oxygen may be caused by poor blood circulation, or heart or breathing problems. It can also be caused by being in a low-oxygen environment or by carbon monoxide poisoning. More rarely, cyanosis can be present at birth as a sign of congenital heart disease, in which some of the blood is not pumped to the lungs where oxygen would make the blood a bright red color. Instead, the blood goes to the rest of the body and remains unoxygenated. Cyanosis also may be caused by poisoning from chemicals, drugs, or contaminated food and water.

Other signs of low blood oxygen may accompany cyanosis, including feeling lightheaded or fainting.

Treatment

Treatment of the underlying disease can restore proper color to the skin.

Key terms

Hemoglobin — A colored substance (pigment) in the blood that carries oxygen to tissues and gives blood its red color.

Respiratory distress syndrome — Also known as hyaline membrane disease, this is a condition of premature infants in which the lungs are imperfectly expanded due to a lack of a substance on the lungs that reduces tension.

Prognosis

If the underlying condition (such as heart or lung disease) can be properly treated, the skin will return to its normal shade.

Resources

Books

Carolson, Karen J., Stephanie A. Eisenstat, and Terra Ziporyn. The Harvard Guide to Women's Health. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996.

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cyanosis /cy·a·no·sis/ (si″ah-no´sis) a bluish discoloration of skin and mucous membranes due to excessive concentration of reduced hemoglobin in the blood.cyanot´ic

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central cyanosis  that due to arterial unsaturation, the aortic blood carrying reduced hemoglobin.

enterogenous cyanosis  a syndrome due to absorption of nitrites and sulfides from the intestine, marked primarily by methemoglobinemia and/or sulfhemoglobinemia with cyanosis, as well as severe enteritis, constipation or diarrhea, headache, dyspnea, dizziness, syncope, and anemia.

peripheral cyanosis  that due to an excessive amount of reduced hemoglobin in the venous blood as a result of extensive oxygen extraction at the capillary level.

pulmonary cyanosis  central cyanosis due to poor oxygenation of the blood in the lungs.

cyanosis re´tinae  cyanosis of the retina, observable in certain congenital cardiac defects.

shunt cyanosis  central cyanosis due to the mixing of unoxygenated blood with arterial blood in the heart or great vessels.

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cy·a·no·sis (s-nss)

n.

A bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes resulting from inadequate oxygenation of the blood.

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cya·notic (-ntk) adj.

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cyanosis

[sī′ənō′sis]

Etymology: Gk, kyanos, blue, osis, condition

bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by an excess of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule, such as in methemoglobin. cyanotic, adj.

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cyanosis (sī´nō´sis),

n a characteristic bluish tinge or color of the skin and mucous membranes associated with reduction in hemoglobin brought about by inadequate respiratory change (5 gm/100 ml are necessary for color to be perceptible).

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cyanosis

a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to excessive concentration of reduced hemoglobin in the blood. Used wrongly by clinicians describing skin lesions in pigs where there is severe congestion of cutaneous vessels and some leakage of blood into perivascular tissues.

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central cyanosis

that due to arterial unsaturation, the aortic blood carrying reduced hemoglobin.

enterogenous cyanosis

a syndrome due to absorption of nitrites and sulfides from the intestine, principally marked by methemoglobinemia and/or sulfhemoglobinemia associated with cyanosis.

peripheral cyanosis

that due to an excessive amount of reduced hemoglobin in the venous blood as a result of extensive oxygen extraction at the capillary level.

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cyanosis

Physical examination A bluish discoloration of skin and mucosae due to excessive concentration of reduced Hb in the blood. See Hypoxia.