cutaneous anthrax

anthrax /an·thrax/ (an´thraks) an often fatal, infectious disease of ruminants due to ingestion of spores of Bacillus anthracis in soil; acquired by humans through contact with contaminated wool or other animal products or by inhalation of airborne spores.

---

cutaneous anthrax  that due to inoculation of Bacillus anthracis into superficial wounds or abrasions of the skin, producing a black crusted pustule on a broad zone of edema.

gastrointestinal anthrax  intestinal a.

inhalational anthrax  a highly fatal form due to inhalation of dust containing anthrax spores, which are transported by alveolar pneumocytes to regional lymph nodes, where they germinate; it is primarily an occupational disease seen in those who handle and sort wools and fleeces.

intestinal anthrax  anthrax involving the gastrointestinal tract, caused by ingestion of poorly cooked meat contaminated by Bacillus anthracis spores; bowel obstruction, hemorrhage, and necrosis may result.

pulmonary anthrax  inhalational a.

---

cutaneous anthrax,

See anthrax.

---

anthrax [an´thraks]

an infectious disease seen most often in cattle, horses, mules, sheep, and goats, due to ingestion of spores of Bacillus anthracis. It can be acquired by humans through contact with infected animals or their byproducts, such as carcasses or skins.

Anthrax in humans usually occurs as a malignant pustule or malignant edema of the skin. In rare instances it can affect the lungs if the spores of the bacillus are inhaled, or it can involve the intestinal tract when infected meat is eaten. The condition often is accompanied by hemorrhage, as the exotoxins from the bacillus attack the endothelium of small blood vessels. The condition is treated by the use of antibiotics such as penicillin and the tetracyclines. The malignant edema can be treated with intravenous hydrocortisone. The disorder is also known by a variety of names, including woolsorters' disease, ragpickers' disease, and charbon.

cutaneous anthrax anthrax due to lodgment of the causative organisms in wounds or abrasions of the skin, producing a black crusted pustule on a broad zone of edema.

gastrointestinal anthrax anthrax due to ingestion of poorly cooked meat contaminated with Bacillus anthracis, with deposition of spores in the submucosa of the intestinal tract, where they germinate, multiply, and produce toxin, resulting in massive edema, which may obstruct the bowel, hemorrhage, and necrosis.

inhalational anthrax a usually fatal form of anthrax due to inhalation of dust containing anthrax spores, which are transported to the regional lymph nodes where they germinate, multiply, and produce toxin, and characterized by hemorrhagic edematous mediastinitis, pleural effusions, dyspnea, cyanosis, stridor, and shock. It is usually an occupational disease, such as in persons who handle or sort contaminated wools and fleeces. Antimicrobial prophylaxis is used to prevent the condition. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has published interim guidelines for investigation and response to Bacillus anthracis infection. The evaluation of risk for exposure to aerosolized spores is of highest priority. Obtaining adequate samples, avoiding cross-contamination, and insuring proficient testing and evaluation of test results are all recommended.

meningeal anthrax a rare, usually fatal form of anthrax resembling typical hemorrhagic meningitis due to spread through the bloodstream of Bacillus anthracis from a primary focus of infection; manifestations include cerebrospinal fluid that is hemorrhagic and neurological signs and symptoms.

pulmonary anthrax inhalational anthrax.

---

anthrax

a peracute disease of all animal species, caused by Bacillus anthracis, and characterized by septicemia and sudden death. The causative bacteria form long-living spores which maintain the disease on a farm for many years. Significant necropsy findings include exudation of dark, tarry blood from the body orifices, failure of the blood to clot, absence of rigor mortis and splenomegaly. A dangerous zoonosis. Easily controlled by vaccination of livestock.

---

alimentary anthrax

infection resulting from the ingestion of animals dead of anthrax. Largely a human manifestation in developing countries.

anthrax belt

regions where anthrax is enzootic, where soil and climate favor persistence of the organism in soil and where routine efforts to control the disease are not sufficient. Outbreaks commonly follow climatic extremes of flood or drought.

cutaneous anthrax

anthrax due to lodgment of the causative organisms in wounds or abrasions of the skin, producing a black crusted pustule on a broad zone of edema. A common form of the disease in humans.

pulmonary anthrax

infection of the respiratory tract resulting from inhalation of dust or animal hair containing spores of Bacillus anthracis; an occupational disease of humans usually affecting those who handle and sort wools and fleeces (woolsorters' disease).