immunoglobulin /im·mu·no·glob·u·lin/ (-glob´ūl-in) a protein of animal origin with known antibody activity, synthesized by lymphocytes and plasma cells and found in serum and in other body fluids and tissues; abbreviated Ig. There are five distinct classes based on structural and antigenic properties: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM.
Immunoglobulin (Ig)
immunoglobulin (Ig)
immunoglobulin [im″u-no-glob´u-lin]
secretory immunoglobulin A IgA immunoglobulin in which two IgA molecules are linked by a polypeptide (secretory piece) and by a J chain; it is the predominant immunoglobulin.
im·mu·no·glob·u·lin ( m y -n -gl b y-ln, -my -)n. Abbr. Ig Any of a group of large glycoproteins secreted by plasma cells in vertebrates that function as antibodies in the immune response by binding the specific antigens. |
Immunoglobulin (Ig)
A protein molecule formed by mature B cells in response to foreign proteins in the body. There are five types of immunoglobulins, but the major one is gamma globulin or immunoglobulin G.
Mentioned in: Ataxia-Telangiectasia, Dermatomyositis, Graft-vs.-Host Disease, Legionnaires' Disease, Multiple Myeloma, Transfusion, Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia, X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia
immunoglobulin (Ig)
[-glob′yəlin]
Etymology: L, immunis + globus, small sphere
any of five structurally distinct classes of proteins that function as antibodies in the serum and external secretions of the body. In response to specific antigens, immunoglobulins are formed in the bone marrow, spleen, and all lymphoid tissues except the thymus. Classes of immunoglobulins are IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Also called immune serum globulin. See also antibody, antigen, immunity.
immunoglobulin [im″u-no-glob´u-lin]
a protein of animal origin with known antibody activity. Immunoglobulins are major components of what is called the humoral immune response system. They are synthesized by lymphocytes and plasma cells and found in the serum and in other body fluids and tissues, including the urine, spinal fluid, lymph nodes, and spleen. (See also immunity.) Each immunoglobulin molecule consists of four polypeptide chains: two heavy chains (H chains) and two light chains (L chains). There are five antigenically different kinds of H chains, and this difference is the basis for the classification of immunoglobulins. The five major classes of immunoglobulins (Ig) are IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. (See accompanying figure.) Each class varies in its chemical structure and in its number of antigen-binding sites and adheres to and reacts only with the specific antigen for which it was produced.
Two types of IgA have been identified. They are serum IgA and secretory IgA (sIgA). In sIgA two IgA molecules are linked by a polypeptide called the secretory piece and by a J chain. Secretory IgA is present in nonvascular fluids, such as saliva, bile, synovial fluid, and intestinal and respiratory tract secretions. Both IgA types are known to have antiviral properties; their production is stimulated by oral vaccines and aerosol immunizations.
IgD is found in trace quantities in the serum (about 3 mg/dl). It serves as a B lymphocyte surface receptor.
IgE is called the reaginic antibody and is generally present in increased levels in persons with allergy. Its normal mean serum concentration is 0.03 mg/dl. When IgE attaches itself to cells within the body, such as those of the mucous membrane or skin, the cells become sensitized to allergens, causing them to release histamine and histamine-like substances when they come in contact with the allergen. Such allergic reactions as hives, hay fever, asthma, and anaphylactic shock are manifestations of IgE-mediated reactions.
IgG is the most abundant of the five classes of immunoglobulins. Its normal mean serum concentration is 1240 mg/dl. It is the major antibody in the secondary humoral response of immunity, serves to activate the complement system, and is frequently involved in opsonization. IgG is the only immunoglobulin that can cross the placental barrier.
IgM is principally concerned with the primary antibody response, appearing soon after initial invasion by an antigen and capable of destroying the antigen when it is first introduced. Its normal mean serum concentration is 120 mg/dl. Like IgG, IgM activates the complement system and together these two classes of immunoglobulins serve as specific antitoxins against the toxins of diphtheria, tetanus, botulism, and anthrax microorganisms, and snake venoms.
Two types of IgA have been identified. They are serum IgA and secretory IgA (sIgA). In sIgA two IgA molecules are linked by a polypeptide called the secretory piece and by a J chain. Secretory IgA is present in nonvascular fluids, such as saliva, bile, synovial fluid, and intestinal and respiratory tract secretions. Both IgA types are known to have antiviral properties; their production is stimulated by oral vaccines and aerosol immunizations.
IgD is found in trace quantities in the serum (about 3 mg/dl). It serves as a B lymphocyte surface receptor.
IgE is called the reaginic antibody and is generally present in increased levels in persons with allergy. Its normal mean serum concentration is 0.03 mg/dl. When IgE attaches itself to cells within the body, such as those of the mucous membrane or skin, the cells become sensitized to allergens, causing them to release histamine and histamine-like substances when they come in contact with the allergen. Such allergic reactions as hives, hay fever, asthma, and anaphylactic shock are manifestations of IgE-mediated reactions.
IgG is the most abundant of the five classes of immunoglobulins. Its normal mean serum concentration is 1240 mg/dl. It is the major antibody in the secondary humoral response of immunity, serves to activate the complement system, and is frequently involved in opsonization. IgG is the only immunoglobulin that can cross the placental barrier.
IgM is principally concerned with the primary antibody response, appearing soon after initial invasion by an antigen and capable of destroying the antigen when it is first introduced. Its normal mean serum concentration is 120 mg/dl. Like IgG, IgM activates the complement system and together these two classes of immunoglobulins serve as specific antitoxins against the toxins of diphtheria, tetanus, botulism, and anthrax microorganisms, and snake venoms.
Schematic representation of the basic four-polypeptide chain, monomeric unit structure of immunoglobulin molecules. Heavy (H) chains determine class. Those in IgG are gamma, in IgM are mu, in IgA are alpha, in IgD are delta, and in IgE are epsilon. The two types of light (L) chains (kappa and lambda) are shared in common by all five immunoglobulin classes, although only one type is present in any individual molecule. Both heavy and light chains have looped structures referred to as domains or regions. Heavy chains possess one variable (VH) (wherein the antigen-binding site resides) and three constant (CH1, CH2, CH3) regions, with the exception of IgM and IgE which contain one variable (VH) and four constant regions (CH1, CH2, CH3, CH4). Light chains contain one variable (VL) and one constant (CL) region each. The heavy and light chains are fastened together by disulfide bonds as well as covalent forces. The disulfide bonds differ in number at the hinge (inter H chain) region according to immunoglobulin subclass. Antigen-binding sites are located in the variable (aminoterminus) regions of each immunoglobulin monomer. IgM and dimeric or multimeric IgA molecules have J chains which are associated with the ability of these molecules to form polymers. Secretory IgA contains a secretory piece made by epithelial cells and believed to protect the molecule from enzymatic cleavage in the hinge region. Serum IgA2 has no heavy to light chain disulfide bonds, whereas IgA1 has a classic structure.
immunoglobulin
a specialized class of serum proteins, which may occur naturally in serum, but are usually produced following exposure to an almost limitless (>107) number of antigens. Called also antibody. Immunoglobulins combine only with the antigen (or one closely related to it) that elicited their production. Immunoglobulins are major components of what is called the humoral immune response system. They are synthesized by B lymphocytes and their derivative plasma cells, and are found in the serum and in other body fluids and tissues, including the urine, spinal fluid, lymph nodes and spleen. See also immunity.
Immunoglobulin molecules consist of two kinds of polypeptide chains: heavy chains (H-chains) and light chains (L-chains). There are five antigenically different kinds of H-chains, designated γ, μ, α, δ and ε, and this difference is the basis for the classification of immunoglobulins. Classes vary in their chemical structure and in the number of antigen-binding sites.
The five classes of immunoglobulins (Ig) are: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE. Only IgG, IgM and IgA are found in all species of domestic animals.
IgA is present in low concentrations in the serum, but it is the major immunoglobulin of secretions and has a major first-line defense role in infections that enter via mucosal surfaces. Two IgA molecules are linked by a polypeptide called the secretory piece and by a J chain. Secretory IgA is present in nonvascular fluids, such as saliva, bile, synovial fluid, and intestinal and respiratory tract secretions. Both secreted and circulating IgA types are known to have antiviral properties; their production is preferentially stimulated by local administration of antigens such as oral and aerosol immunizations.
IgD is found in trace quantities in the serum in humans and chickens. It is found on the surface of B lymphocytes. Its function is uncertain.
IgE, once called reaginic antibody, is present in very low levels in serum and is generally present in increased levels in individuals with allergy. It has not been found in the chicken. IgE binds to Fc receptors on the surface of cells particularly mast cells and basophils, via the Fc part of the molecule. Following exposure to antigen (allergen), and its binding to the Fab of two adjacent IgE molecules, perturbations of the cell membrane are produced, leading to the release of vasoactive amines, particularly histamine and serotonin, which are the mediators of anaphylaxis and atopic reactions, including urticaria, asthma, hayfever and gastroenteritis. Allergic reactions such as urticaria, atopy and anaphylactic shock are examples of IgE-mediated reactions. It is recognized in humans and dogs that there is an inherited (familial) predisposition for certain individuals to produce IgE.
IgG is the most abundant of the five classes of immunoglobulins, representing about 80% of serum immunoglobulin protein. It is the major antibody in the secondary humoral response of immunity, serves to activate the complement system, and is frequently involved in opsonization. IgG is the only immunoglobulin that crosses the placenta and is the major component of passive maternal antibody transfer via colostrum and yolk.
IgM is the first antibody produced in the primary immune response. It represents about 20% of serum antibodies. Like the IgG, IgM bound to antigen activates the complement system, and together these two classes of immunoglobulins serve as specific antitoxins against the toxins of diphtheria, tetanus, botulism and anthrax microorganisms, and snake venoms, and play a major role in defense against most infectious diseases.
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Structure of an immunoglobulin molecule. By permission from Tizard IR, Veterinary Immunology. An Introduction, Saunders, 2001
colostral immunoglobulin
colostrum contains a high level of IgG for several days after parturition. Following ingestion, colostral IgG molecules are absorbed unchanged across the intestinal mucosa for the first 1 to 2 days in cattle, dog, pig and horse and for up to 4 days in the sheep and goat. IgA is also present in colostrum but is not translocated to the circulation of the suckling animal to any extent; it may provide some local gut immunity.
immunoglobulin deficiency
see immunodeficiency.
immunoglobulin genes
genes that code for the light and heavy chains of immunoglobulins.
secretory immunoglobulin
IgA.
immunoglobulin superfamily
immunoglobulins and a number of other proteins including T cell receptor, major histocompatibility molecules, T cell accessory proteins and some adhesion molecules that are structurally related to immunoglobulins.
immunoglobulin
A highly-specific molecule of the immune system, produced by mature B cells in response to an antigen Structure 2 identical light-L, 2 identical heavy–H chains; the L and H chains have constant and variable regions, the
variable regions are critical for antigen recognition and binding; immunoglobulin production requires prior rearrangement of the variable, diversity and joining gene segments, that form part of a potential repertoire of
1010-1012 antibodies that may be encoded in response to a molecule's surface binding site or epitope Types Idiotype–evoked by a particular epitope; isotype–Ig subtype–IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE that all
normal persons have; allotype–a subtype shared by population groups–eg, with racial differences. See Hinge, Polyclonal immunoglobulin, Protein electrophoresis, Sporidin-G™ Bovine immunoglobulin.
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