Acid (redirected from bile a's)

acid /ac·id/ (as´id)

1. sour.

2. a chemical compound that dissociates in solution, releasing hydrogen ions and lowering the solution pH (a proton donor). An acidic solution has a pH below 7.0. Cf. base (3). For particular acids, see the specific names.

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acid citrate dextrose  (ACD) anticoagulant citrate dextrose solution.

amino acid  see under amino.

carboxylic acid  any organic compound containing the carboxy group (—COOH), including amino and fatty acids.

fatty acid  see under F.

haloid acid  an acid which contains no oxygen in the molecule, but is composed of hydrogen and a halogen element.

hydroxy acid  an organic acid that contains an additional hydroxyl group.

inorganic acid  any acid containing no carbon atoms.

nucleic acid  see under N.

organic acid  an acid containing one or more carbon atoms; often specifically a carboxylic acid.

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ac·id (sd)

n.

1. Any of a large class of sour-tasting substances whose aqueous solutions are capable of turning blue litmus indicators red, of reacting with and dissolving certain metals to form salts, and of reacting with bases or alkalis to form salts.

2. A substance that ionizes in solution to give the positive ion of the solvent.

3. A substance capable of yielding hydrogen ions.

4. A proton donor.

5. An electron acceptor.

6. A molecule or ion that can combine with another by forming a covalent bond with two electrons of the other.

7. A substance having a sour taste.

8. See LSD.

adj.

1. Of or relating to an acid.

2. Having a high concentration of acid.

3. Having a sour taste.

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Acid

Common street name for LSD.

Mentioned in: Lysergic Acid Diethylamide

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acid,

n a compound able to form hydrogen ions (H) when dissolved in aqueous solutions.

acid, alpha-linolenic,

n a polyunsaturated fatty acid found in the blood. Deficiencies and imbalances can affect blood pressure, blood cholesterol, premenstrual symptoms, and skin conditions.

acid, alpha-lipoic,

n a sulfurous antioxidant that is produced within the body as a constituent of multiple enzymatic systems and is also derived from food sources. Has been used to treat hypertension and as an adjunct to diabetes treatment and may benefit patients with cataracts or cardiovascular conditions. Also called
thioctic acid.

acid, arachidic (ar··ki·dik aˑ·sid),

n a saturated fatty acid that provides energy.

acid, arachidonic (ar··k·dˑ·nik aˑ·sid),

n an omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid prevalent in red meats and a key component of many metabolic processes.

acid, ascorbic,

n See vitamin C.

acid, azelaic (aˈ·z·lāˑ·ik aˑ·sid),

n a naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid commonly used as a topical treatment for acne.

acid, behenic (b·heˑ·nik aˑ·sid),

n a saturated fatty acid associated with degenerative neural diseases and some genetic disorders.

acid, capric (kaˑ·prik aˑ·sid),

n a saturated fatty acid that has been linked to multiple aryl-coenzyme and dehydrogenation disorders.

acid, caprylic (k·priˑ·lik aˑ·sid),

n a naturally occurring fatty acid used as an antifungal agent for treating candidiasis caused by the yeast
Candida albicans.

acid, carboxylic (kär·bkˑ·s·lik aˑ·sid),

n an organic compound that con-tains at least one carboxyl group; it is weaker than a mineral acid such as hydrochloric acid.

acid, conjugated linoleic,

n a mix-ture of fatty acids (specifically mixed isomers of linoleic acid) obtained through diet or supplementation. Claimed to be useful as a weight loss aid and as a treatment for adult-onset diabetes. No known precautions with this substance exist.

acid, dihomogammalinolenic (dīˈ·hōˈ·mō·gyaˈ·m·liˈ·n·lēˑ·nik aˑ·sid),

n a fatty acid necessary for proper cell and tissue functions.

acid, docosadienoic (dō·kōˈ·s·dīˈ·ē·nōˑ·ik aˑ·sid),

n omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid included in a typical fatty acid profile to study serum triglyceride analysis.

acid, docosahexaenoic (dōˈ·kōˈ·s·hek·s·ē·nōˑ·ik aˑ·sid),

n an unsaturated fatty acid important in early neurological development.

acid, docosapentaenoic (dōˈ·kōˈ·s·pen·t·ēˈ·nōˑ·ik aˑ·sid),

n an unsaturated fatty acid important in early neurological development.

acid, docosatetraenoic (dō·kōˈ·s·teˈ·tr·ē·nōˑ·ik aˑ·sid),

n omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid stored in adipose tissue and mobilized during fasting. High levels of this fatty acid in the blood are associated with obesity.

acid, eicosapentaenoic (īˈ·kōˈ·s·penˈ·t·ēˈ·nōˑ·ik aˑ·sid),

n fatty acid found in fish oils. Deficiency has been linked to arthritis, depression, heart disease, and high cholesterol.

acid, eicosatrenoic (īˈ·kō·saˈ·tr·nōˑ·ik aˑ·sid),

n an omega-3 series polyunsaturated fatty acid; represents less than 0.25% of serum phospholipid fatty acids in a normal individual.

Acid, eicosatrenoic.

acid, elaidic (ē·lāˑ·dik aˑ·sid),

n a trans-fatty acid found in hydrogenated oils. Elevated amounts have been linked to high cholesterol levels.

acid, erucic (i·rōōˑ·sik aˑ·sid),

n a fatty acid found in rapeseed (canola), mustard seed, and wallflower seed. This compound is linked to elevated levels of fatty acids and is being studied as a possible treatment for degenerative neurologic disorders. See also Lorenzo's oil.

acid, folic,

n See folate.

acid, gamma linolenic (gyaˑ·m li·n·lēˑ·nik aˑ·sid),

n an omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid found in black currant, borage, evening primrose oils, and hemp. It is a precursor of DGLA and arachidonic acid and is linked to reduced symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and zinc deficiency but may also enhance tumor growth and formation if not supplemented by an omega-3 fatty acid.

acid, gamma-aminobutyric (gyaˈ· m-·mēˈ·nō·byōō·tirˑ·ik aˑ·sid),

n amino acid that serves as the governing neurotransmitter in the spinal cord and brain. Also present in the lungs, heart, kidneys, and some plants.

acid, heneicosanoic (heˈ·nā·ē·kōˈ· s·nōˑ·ik aˑ·sid),

n fatty acid formed from propionic acid under conditions of vitamin B₁₂ deficiency.

acid, heptadecanoic (hepˈ·t·deˈ· k·nōˑ·ik aˑ·sid),

n colorless, crystalline fatty acid which accumulates because of a deficiency of vitamin B₁₂. Also called
margaric acid.

acid, hexacosanoic (hekˈ·s·kōˈ·s·nōˑ·ik aˑ·sid),

n long-chain fatty acid whose elevated numbers in a fatty acid profile are associated with genetic disorders characteristic of sphingolipid accumulation. Also called
cerotic acid.

acid, hydroxycitric (hī·drōōkˑ·sē·si·trik aˑ·sid),

n an organic acid derived from the Malabar tamarind
(Garcinia cambogia) fruit and used in appetite suppression and weight loss. Also called
gorikapuli, hydroxycitrate, or
Malabar tamarind.

acid, lauric (lˑ·rik aˑ·sid),

n a medium-chain fatty acid, the levels of which have been shown to rise in fatty acid catabolic disorders known as multiple acyl–coenzyme A dehydrogenation disorders.

acid, lignoceric (lig·nō·seˑ·rik aˑ·sid),

n a long-chain fatty acid that has been linked to degenerative neural diseases and certain genetic disorders.

acid, linolenic (liˈ·nō·lēˑ·nik aˑ·sid),

n an essential omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid found in corn, safflower, and other oils. Deficiencies have been linked to a number of health problems, including behavioral difficulties, cardiovascular disease, hair loss, infections, kidney degeneration, liver degeneration, miscarriage, and sterility.

acid, lipoic (līˑ·pō·ik aˈ·sid),

n a vitamin-like antioxidant found in leafy greens, brewer's yeast, red meat, and organ meats, used intravenously to treat diabetic polyneuropathy and orally to treat autonomic neuropathy and for preventing diabetic cataracts. No known precautions exist, but caution is advised for patients who use insulin. Also called
alphalipoic acid or
thioctic acid.

acid, malic (maˑ·lik aˑ·sid),

n an organic acid involved in the Krebs cycle. Used for treating fibromyalgia. No known precautions exist. Also called
apple acid.

acid, myristic (m·riˑ·stik aˑ·sid),

n a medium-chain fatty acid that has been linked to fatty acid catabolic disorders known as multiple acylcoenzyme A dehydrogenation disorders.

acid, myristoleic (m·ri·stō·lēˑ·ik aˑ·sid),

n a mono-unsaturated fatty acid involved in maintaining membrane fluidity.

acid, nonadecanoic (n·n·de·k·nōˑ·ik aˑ·sid),

n an odd-numbered fatty acid that accumulates with deficiency of vitamin B₁₂ and accumulates in the membrane lipids of neural tissue.

acid, oleic (ō·lāˑ·ik aˑ·sid),

n a mono-unsaturated fatty acid found in all fat-containing foods. Involved in maintaining membrane fluidity.

acid, palmitelaidic (päl·mi·t·lāˑ·dik aˑ·sid),

n a trans-fatty acid found in hydrogenated oils.

acid, palmitic (pal·miˑ·tik aˑ·sid),

n a saturated fatty acid converted into cholesterol by the liver. High levels have been linked to cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, and stroke.

acid, palmitoleic (pal·mi·t·lāˑ·ik aˑ·sid),

n a mono-unsaturated fatty acid involved in maintaining membrane fluidity.

acid, pentadecanoic (pen·t·de·k·nōˑ·ik aˑ·sid),

n an odd-numbered fatty acid that accumulates with deficiency of vitamin B₁₂ and accumulates in the membrane lipids of neural tissue.

acid, phytic (fīˑ·tik aˑ·sid),

n dietary fiber found in cereals and legumes that has antioxidant and antitumor properties.

acid, p-aminobenzoic (a·mēˈ·nō·ben·zōˑ·ik aˑ·sid),

n commonly abbreviated as PAB or PABA, it is a substance essential for the absorption of folic acid in many organisms. It is used in topical sun-screen because it absorbs ultraviolet light.

acid, stearic (stē·arˑ·ik aˑ·sid),

n a saturated fatty acid that can be converted into cholesterol. High levels have been linked to atherosclerosis, and low levels may increase the growth or spread of tumors.

acid, tricosanoic (trī·kōˈ·s·nōˑ·ik aˑ·sid),

n fatty acid with odd number of carbon atoms which accumulates because of vitamin B₁₂ deficiency.

acid, uric (yōōˑ·rik aˑ·sid),

n waste product of purine metabolism, high levels of which can be found in plasma. The kidneys produce the majority of uric acid in the body.

acid, usnic (usˑ·nik aˑ·sid),

n compound found in the lichen
Usnea barbata, which is used as an antibiotic.

acid, vaccenic (vak·senˑ·ik aˑ·sid),

n a crystalline unsaturated acid whose ratio to palmitoleic acid in a fatty acid profile may influence biotin needs.

acid profile, organic,

n an analysis of organic acids (other than amino acids) excreted in the urine, used to assess metabolic disorders and nutrient deficiencies.

acids, amino (·mēˑ·nōō aˑ·sidz),

n.pl the 22 identified building blocks of proteins essential for growth and maintenance.

acids, branched-chain amino,

n.pl a combination of three amino acids: leucine, isoleucine, and valine. It has been used for anorexia associa-ted with chronic illness, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, tardive dyskinesia, and muscular dystrophy and to increase athletic performance. Precaution suggested for patients taking levodopa.

acids, essential fatty,

n.pl fatty acids (structural components of larger, nutritional fat molecules) that cannot be synthesized by the body and that must be obtained through dietary sources. They are components of cell membranes, contribute to the development and function of the nervous system, are stored for energy, and are used in the synthesis of important biomolecules. The two main types of essential fatty acids are omega-3 and omega-6. See also acids, omega-3 fatty and acids, omega-6 fatty.

acids, long-chain fatty,

n.pl fatty acids with a basic structure of 12 or more carbon atoms. Essential fatty acids are typically long-chain fatty acids. Certain disorders, including intestinal lymphangiectasia and short bowel syndrome, may interfere with the ability to absorb long-chain fatty acids. See also acids, essential fatty; acids, omega-3 fatty acids; and acids, omega-6 fatty.

acids, omega-3 fatty,

n.pl essential fatty acids found in flaxseeds, pumpkin seeds, walnuts, salmon, trout, tuna, and other sources. Omega-3 fatty acids include alpha linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). See also Acid, alpha linolenic; acid, eicosapentaenoic; and acid, docosahexaenoic.

acids, omega-6 fatty,

n.pl essential fatty acids found in many cooking oils, such as corn, soy, and sun-flower oils. Omega-6 fatty acids include linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, gamma linolenic acid, and dihomogamma linolenic acid.

acids, trans-fatty,

n.pl a particular configuration of any of the unsaturated fats that have been hydrogenated. Hydrogenation can change a naturally occurring fatty acid from a
cis- to a
trans- configuration, which cannot be used by the body.

acids, unsaturated fatty,

n fatty acids in which the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain are joined by double or triple bonds. Monounsaturated fatty acids have one double bond or triple bond, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids have more than one double or triple bond. Diets rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and low in saturated fatty acid levels are correlated with low levels of serum cholesterol. See also acids, omega-3 fatty; acids, omega-6 fatty; and polyunsaturated.

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acid (as´id),

n a chemical substance that, in an aqueous solution, undergoes dissociation with the formation of hydrogen ions; pH levels range from 0 to 6.9. See also pH and acidic. Opposite: base.

acid, acetic,

n the acid of vinegar, sometimes used as a solvent for the removal of calculus from a removable dental prosthesis. See also solvent.

acid, ascorbic,

n See vitamin C.

acid, carbolic,

n See phenol.

acid, cevitamic,

n See vitamin C.

acid conditioning,

n the use of acid (such as phosphoric acid) to prepare the tooth surface for bonding of dental adhesives or enamel sealants.

acid etchant,

n an application of phosphoric acid used to prepare enamel surfaces to aid enamel sealant placement.

acid etching,

n the process of treating the tooth enamel, generally with phosphoric acid, by removal of approximately 40 mm of enamel rod to provide retention for enamel sealant, restorative material, or orthodontic bracket.

acid, folic,

n See vitamin B complex.

acid, hydroxypropionic

n See acid, lactic.

acid, lactic (hydroxypropionic acid),

n a monobasic acid, C₃H₆O₃, formed as an end product in the intermediary metabolism of carbohydrates. The accumulation of lactic acid in the tissues is in part responsible for the lowering of pH levels during inflammatory states; that is, the drop in pH level is believed to increase bone loss level.

acid, nicotinic,

n 1. a vitamin of the B complex group and its vitamer, niacinamide, specific for the treatment of pellagra. Niacinamide functions as a constituent of coenzyme I (DPN) and coenzyme II (TPN). Nicotinic acid is found in lean meats, liver, yeast, milk, and leafy green vegetables.
n 2. an acid (C₅H₄N [COOH]) that forms part of the B complex group of vitamins. It acts as a cofactor in intermediary carbohydrate metabolism. It is a constituent of certain coenzymes that function in oxidative-reductive metabolic systems. With niacinamide, it is a pellagra-preventive factor. Also called
niacin, P.-P. factor, pyridine 3-carboxylic acid, vitamin P.-P.

acid, orthophosphoric

n See acid, phosphoric.

acid, pantothenic

n a vitamin of the B complex group, the importance of which has not been established. It is a constituent of coenzyme A.

acid phosphatase,

n an enzyme found in the kidneys, serum, semen, and prostate gland. It is elevated in serum blood levels in individuals with prostate cancer and in individuals who have recently experienced trauma.

acid, phosphoric (HPO, orthophosphoric acid),

n the principal ingredient of silicate and zinc phosphate cement liquids.

acid, pteroylglutamic,

n See vitamin B complex.

acid salt,

n a salt containing one or more replaceable hydrogen ions.

acid, strong,

n an acid that is completely ionized in aqueous solution.

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acid

1. sour.

2. a molecule or ion with a tendency to give up a proton to the solvent according to Bronsted and Lowry theory.

All acids react with bases to form salts and water (neutralization). Other properties of acids include a sour taste and the ability to cause certain dyes to undergo a color change. A common example of this is the ability of acids to change litmus paper from blue to red.

Acids play a vital role in the chemical processes that are a normal part of the functions of the cells and tissues of the body. A stable balance between acids and bases in the body is essential to life. See also acidic, acid-base balance, and individual acids.

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amino acid

any one of a class of organic compounds containing the amino and the carboxyl group, occurring naturally in plant and animal tissues and forming the chief constituents of protein. See also amino acid.

bile a's

steroid acids derived from cholesterol. See also bile acids.

acid excretion

blood buffers prevent a sudden change in pH of body fluids when they receive excess acid or alkali from absorption or metabolic processes. This temporary measure is supplemented by a mechanism for the excretion of hydrogen ions via the kidney in the form of dihydrogen phosphate and ammonium ions.

fatty acid

any monobasic aliphatic acid containing only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. See also fatty acids.

acid hydrolases

major group of enzymes present in lysosomes.

inorganic acid

an acid containing no carbon atoms.

keto a's

compounds containing the groups CO (carbonyl) and COOH (carboxyl).

acid methyl green stain

stains protozoal nuclei a bright green and is recommended for the detection of Balantidium coli in fecal smears.

nucleic a's

substances that constitute the prosthetic groups of the nucleoproteins and contain phosphoric acid, sugars, and purine and pyrimidine bases. See also nucleic acids.

acid phosphatase

see acid phosphatase.

acid retention

retention of metabolic acids, including sulfates and phosphates, as a result of acute and chronic renal disease.